Somatic alterations in mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancer progression

Table 1 The distribution of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancers n (%)

Cancer	Cases	No. of cancers with mutation	No. of mutations	D-loop	rRNA	tRNA	mRNA	Ref.
Adult leukemia	24	9 (37.5)	9	2 (22.2)	1 (11.1)	0	6 (66.7)	[16]
Bladder cancer	14	9 (64.3)	20	6 (30.0)	3 (15.0)	0	11 (55.0)	[17]
Breast cancer	18	11 (61.1)	12	7 (58.3)	0	0	5 (41.7)	[18]
	19	14 (73.7)	27	22 (81.5)	1 (3.7)	0	4 (14.8)	[19]
	15	14 (93.3)	45	17 (37.8)	3 (6.7)	2 (4.4)	23 (51.1)	[20]
	58	27 (46.6)	40	21 (52.5)	2 (5.0)	2 (5.0)	15 (37.5)	[21]
Esophageal cancer	20	11 (55.0)	14	9 (64.3)	1 (7.1)	0	4 (28.6)	[22]
Follicular thyroid cancer	3	3 (100.0)	4	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	0	0	[23]
Gastric cancer	31	20 (64.5)	26	18 (69.2)	0	1 (3.8)	7 (26.9)	[15]
Head-and-neck cancer	13	6 (46.2)	9	6 (66.7)	1 (11.1)	0	2 (22.2)	[17]
Hepatocellular cancer	10	5 (50.0)	24	23 (95.8)	0	0	1 (4.2)	[24]
	44	23 (52.3)	34	21 (61.8)	1 (2.9)	2 (5.9)	10 (29.4)	[25]
Lung cancer	14	6 (47.1)	10	7 (70.0)	1 (10.0)	2 (20.0)	0	[17]
	55	33 (60.0)	56	18 (32.1)	1 (1.8)	3 (5.4)	34 (60.7)	[26]
Medulloblastoma	15	6 (40.0)	18	11 (61.1)	0	3 (16.7)	4 (22.2)	[27]
Oncocytic head-and-neck tumor	25	16 (64.0)	18	0	0	0	18 (100.0)	[28]
Oncocytic pituitary adenoma	25	18 (72.0)	20	3 (15.0)	0	2 (10.0)	15 (75.0)	[28]
Oncocytic thyroid tumor	45	26 (57.8)	30	0	0	0	30 (100.0)	[29]
Oral cancer	18	14 (77.8)	26	20 (76.9)	0	0	6 (23.1)	[30]
	300	240 (80.0)	645	355 (55.0)	36 (5.6)	21 (3.3)	233 (36.1)	[31]
Ovarian cancer	10	6 (60.0)	15	11 (73.3)	3 (20.0)	0	1 (6.7)	[32]
Pancreatic cancer	5	4 (80.0)	4	0	1 (25.0)	1 (25.0)	2 (50.0)	[33]
Papillary thyroid cancer	7	3 (42.9)	4	0	0	0	4 (100.0)	[23]
Parathyroid adenoma	30	15 (50.0)	27	6 (22.2)	1 (3.3)	1 (3.3)	19 (70.4)	[34]
Renal cell cancer	8	5 (62.5)	6	1 (16.7)	2 (33.3)	0	3 (50.0)	[35]
	9	7 (77.8)	9	4 (44.4)	1 (11.1)	1 (11.1)	3 (33.3)	[36]
	15	7 (46.7)	14	4 (28.6)	4 (28.6)	1 (7.1)	5 (35.7)	[37]
Renal oncocytomas	9	9 (100.0)	14	1 (7.1)	0	0	13 (92.9)	[38]
Total	859	567 (66.0)	1180	595 (50.5)	65 (5.5)	42 (3.6)	478 (40.4)

Table 2 The types of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancers n (%)

Cancer	Cases	No. of cancers with mutation (%)	No. of mutations	Transitions	Transversions	Mono-/di-nucleotide repeat instability	Others	Ref.
Adult leukemia	24	9 (37.5)	9	9 (100.0)	0	0	0	[16]
Bladder cancer	14	9 (64.3)	20	14 (70.0)	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)	2 (10.0)	[17]
Breast cancer	18	11 (61.1)	12	6 (50.0)	1 (8.3)	5 (41.7)	0	[18]
	19	14 (73.7)	27	22 (81.5)	1 (3.7)	4 (14.8)	0	[19]
	15	14 (93.3)	45	33 (73.3)	7 (15.6)	5 (11.1)	0	[20]
	58	27 (46.6)	40	20 (50.0)	2 (5.0)	17 (27.5)	1 (2.5)	[21]
Esophageal cancer	20	11 (55.0)	14	3 (21.4)	1 (7.1)	9 (64.3)	1 (7.1)	[22]
Follicular thyroid cancer	3	3 (100.0)	4	3 (75.0)	0	1 (25.0)	0	[23]
Gastric cancer	31	20 (64.5)	26	12 (46.2)	0	12 (46.2)	2 (7.7)	[15]
Head-and-neck cancer	13	6 (46.2)	9	7 (77.8)	0	2 (22.2)	0	[17]
Hepatocellular cancer	10	5 (50.0)	24	15 (62.5)	0	9 (37.5)	0	[24]
	44	23 (52.3)	34	19 (55.9)	0	13 (38.2)	2 (5.9)	[25]
Lung cancer	14	6 (47.1)	10	8 (80.0)	1 (10.0)	1 (10.0)	0	[17]
	55	33 (60.0)	56	47 (83.9)	1 (1.8)	8 (14.3)	0	[26]
Medulloblastoma	15	6 (40.0)	18	13 (72.2)	0	5 (27.8)	0	[27]
Oncocytic head-and-neck tumor	25	16 (64.0)	18	13 (72.2)	1 (5.6)	1 (5.6)	3 (16.7)	[28]
Oncocytic pituitary adenoma	25	18 (72.0)	20	10 (50.0)	0	9 (45.0)	1 (5.0)	[28]
Oncocytic thyroid tumor	45	26 (57.8)	30	22 (73.3)	1 (3.3)	5 (15.2)	2 (6.7)	[29]
Oral cancer	18	14 (77.8)	26	12 (46.2)	4 (15.4)	8 (30.8)	2 (14.3)	[30]
	300	240 (80.0)	645	356 (55.2)	20 (3.1)	237 (36.7)	32 (5.0)	[31]
Ovarian cancer	10	6 (60.0)	15	10 (66.7)	0	4 (26.7)	1 (6.7)	[32]
Pancreatic cancer	5	4 (80.0)	4	3 (75.0)	1 (25.0)	0	0	[33]
Papillary thyroid cancer	7	3 (42.9)	4	4 (100.0)	0	0	0	[23]
Parathyroid adenoma	30	15 (50.0)	27	18 (66.7)	1 (3.7)	6 (22.2)	2 (7.4)	[34]
Renal cell cancer	8	5 (62.5)	6	2 (33.3)	1 (16.7)	1 (16.7)	2 (33.3)	[35]
	9	7 (77.8)	9	6 (66.7)	0	3 (33.3)	0	[36]
	15	7 (46.7)	14	13 (92.9)	1 (7.1)	0	0	[37]
Renal oncocytomas	9	9 (100.0)	14	7 (50.0)	2 (14.3)	4 (28.6)	1 (7.1)	[38]
Total	859	567 (66.0)	1180	707 (59.9)	49 (4.2)	370 (31.4)	54 (4.6)