How regenerative medicine and tissue engineering may complement the available armamentarium in gastroenterology?

Table 1 Deaths in United Kingdom¹ and United Kingdom Transplant Activity²

	Overall deaths	New registrations	Waiting list at 31/3/10	Removals	Transplants	3 yr post transplant survival
Liver	7503	962	371	123	679	85%
Pancreas	52233	3004	335	22	200	74%
Small bowel	45	NA	NA	NA	21	NA

¹United Kingdom deaths from United Kingdom Mortality Statistics, London National Statistical Office, 2010; ²United Kingdom Transplant Activity from National Health Service Blood and Transplant Activity Report 2010, Bristol;

³Deaths for diabetes;

⁴Including 243 kidney and pancreas transplantations;

⁵Deaths in 2005. Note: Overall deaths include all causes and all ages so many of those who died would not be suitable for transplantation. NA: Not available.

Table 2 Conditions where human cell transplants have been used clinically

	Indications	Ref.
Islet transplantation	Patients with type 1 diabetes with severe glycaemic lability, recurrent hypoglycemia, and a reduced hypoglycaemia awareness	Shapiro et al[84] Shapiro et al[51] Ryan et al[52] Matsumoto et al[54] Strom et al[57] Vantyghem et al[85]
Hepatocyte transplantation	Inherited metabolic disorders: Familial hypercholesterolemia Urea cycle deficit α1 antitrypsin-deficiency Glycogen storage dz 1a Infantile refsum's dz Factor VII deficiency Crigler-Najar type 1 syndrome Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis	Grossman et al[86] Strom et al[87] Horlsen et al[88] Mitry et al[89] Fox et al[90] Muraca et al[91] Sokal et al[92] Dhawn et al[93] Hughes et al[62] Ambrosino et al[94]
	Chronic liver failure (Child A-C)	Sterling et al[61] Mito et al[60] Strom et al[95]
	Acute liver failure (as bridge to transplant)	Strom et al[57] Sterling et al[61] Habibullah et al[96] Bilir et al[97]