Mutation of RET gene in Chinese patients with Hirschsprung’s disease

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) at the molecular level and to elucidate the relationship between RET oncogene and Chinese patients with HD.

METHODS: Exon 13 of RET oncogene from 20 unrelated HD patients was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The positive amplifying products were then sequenced. According to the results of SSCP and DNA sequence, SSCP was done as well for the samples from the family other members of some cases with mutated RET gene.

RESULTS: SSCP analysis indicated that mobility abnormality existed in 4 unrelated HD patients. Direct DNA sequence analysis identified a missense mutation, T to G at the nucleotide 18888 and a frameshift mutation at the nucleotide 18926 insG. In a HD family, the sicked child and his father were the same heterozygous missense mutation (T to G at nucleotide 18888).

CONCLUSION: Among Chinese HD patients, RET gene mutations may exist in considerable proportion with different patterns. These new discoveries indicate that RET mutations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of unrelated HD in the Chinese population. PCR-SSCP combined with DNA sequence can be used as a tool in the genetic diagnosis of HD.

Key Words: $[Keywords]

INTRODUCTION

Hirschsprung’s disease (HD), with the incidence of 1/5000, occupies the second in the congenital malformation, manifests as complete or incomplete ileus clinically[1-5]. As a complex disease, HD has been ascribed to the absence in the terminal hindgut of ganglion cells from the neural crest, which causes the abnormal contraction of involved intestines, and then the proximal end of the sick colon appears compensatory dilated thickness and forms megacolon. However, the reason for the deficit of ganglion cells remains in dispute[5]. With the development of the molecular biology, the molecular pathogenesis of HD have attracted the attention of many scholars. In 1993, Genetic mapping in multiplex families and the mutational analysis of candidate genes have led to the definitive identification of the defects that contribute to the HD risk. It has been found that the gene defects present in a major proportion of Hirschsprung’s disease families are mutations in chromosome 10q11.2, which have now been found to be associated with RET gene[6-9]. Subsequently, various kinds of mutation of RET gene have been reported abroad[10-19]. However, there existed less reports about HD in Chinese population. In order to further investigate the pathogenic mechanism of HD, we examined exon 13 mutations of RET gene in 20 unrelated patients with the single strand conformation ploymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products (PCR-SSCP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Case selection and extraction of DNA

Twenty unrelated cases with HD by pathological verification were collected after operation at Zhejiang Children’s Hospital during 1998 to 2000. Four milliliters of peripheral blood samples used for the experiment were obtained from each patient and the control blood samples were taken from anonymous donors provided by Zhejiang Children’s Hospital. The blood samples were anti-coagulated by sodium citrate and DNA was extracted according to the standard protocols.

PCR amplification

The designed primers were synthesized by Shanghai Shenggong Biology Company. The primer sequence of exon 13: (Forward) 5’-GACCTGGTATGGTCATGGA-3’, (Reverse) 5’-AAGAGGGAGAACAGGGCTGTA-3’. The PCR mixture contained 200 ng of template-DNA and PCR reaction buffer containing 50 mmol/L KCl, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 1.5 mmol/L MgCl₂, 0.5 μmol/L each of two fragment-specific primers, 100 μmol/L each of dATP, dGTP, dTTP and dCTP, and 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase (provided by Shanghai Shenggong Biology Company) for a reaction volume of 50 μL. The conditions for temperature cycling for all PCR amplifications were 94 °C for 5 min for pre-denaturation, 94 °C for 45 second, 58 °C for 45 second and 72 °C for 45 second. Amplifications were carried out for 30 cycles with a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. The amplified fragments were run in 1% agarose gel, and were confirmed to be 253bp in size using 100-bp ladder markers.

SSCP analysis

SSCP analysis of fragments was performed on a Mini Electrophoresis Unit (Bio-Rad Company, U.S.A). 10 uL of the PCR product was diluted with 10 uL of sample buffer containing 90% formamide, 0.05% Bromphenol Blue dye and 0.05% xylene cyanol. The samples were heated at 100 °C for 8 min, transferred into an ice-cold water bath for 3 min, and analysed by 8% PAGE in 45 mM-Tris-borate (pH8.0)/1 mM-EDTA (TBE) buffer under 13 v·cm^-1 at 10 °C.

DNA silver staining

Gels were stained with silver as follows: fixed in 100 mL·L^-1 alcohol for 10 min→oxidized in 100 mL·L^-1 nitric acid for 3 min→drip washed for 1 min with double distilled water→stained in 2 g·L^-1 silver nitric acid for 5 min→drip washed for 1 min with double distilled water→showed appropriated color in 15 g·L^-1 anhydrous sodium carbonate and 4 mL·L^-1 formalin→ended reducing response by 7.5 mL·L glacial acetic acid→ drip washed with double distilled water→analysis results and photographed.

Purification of PCR product , T clone and DNA sequence

Abnormal PCR products screened by SSCP was cut from gel and purified by VIOGENE kit. Agarose gel-purified PCR products was subcloned to pUCm-T vector through TA clone. Sequence analysis was carried out with a PE377 automated sequencer.

RESULTS

The analysis of PCR products

The increment of all DNA samples from HD patients was a single strand with the length of 253 bp, and so was that from normal control, which indicated that a large fragment insertion and deletion did not exist in the region of exon 13 of RET gene among 20 HD patients.

Results of SSCP-Ag dying and DNA sequencing

Of all the patients and normal control analyzed, four showed abnormal SSCP patterns in exon 13. In Figures 1 and 2, the mobility of one single-strand was abnormal in case 2,3,4. In case 6, the mobility of two single-strand was abnormal. DNA sequence analysis showed nucleotide changes in all variable SSCP bands. Of the two patterns of nucleotide change, one was missense mutation, and the other was frameshift mutation (Figure 3, Table 1).

Table 1 The mutation analysis of exon 13 of RET gene from four cases.

case	he heterozygous of allele gene	Nucleotide change	Amino acid change	Mutation types
case2	Heterozygote	18888 T→G	Cys→Phe	missense mutation
case3	Heterozygote	18888 T→G	Cys→Phe	missense mutation
case4	Heterozygote	18888 T→G	Cys→Phe	missense mutation
case6	Homozygote	18926 ins G	--	frameshift mutation

Figure 1 The abnormal shifted SSCP bands in exon 13. Lanes 1,2:normal control; Lanes3-5:case 1,2,3.

Figure 2 The abnormal shifted SSCP bands in exon 13. Lanes 1,2:normal control; Lanes 3-5:case 4-6.

Figure 3 A fragment of sequence in exon 13 of case2(a),3(a),4 (a),6(b). The arrows indicate the position of mutation.

The parents genotypes of the case 2, 3 and 4 were also examined by SSCP. We found that the mobility pattern of the father was in coincidence with his son in case 4, while the mobility pattern of the mother was normal (Figure 4). DNA sequence analysis showed the same mutation between the father and the son, implied that the exon 13 of RET gene in case 4 was originated from his paternal heredity. No abnormal patterns of DNA migration was observed in the parents of the case2, 3.

Figure 4 The abnormal shifted SSCP bands in exon 13 of case 4 and his parents. Lanes1: normal control; Lane2: case 4; Lane3: mother of case 4; Lane4: father of case 4.

DISCUSSION

The human RET gene lies on chromosome band 10q11.2 and comprises 20 exons, with the length about 80 kb[20-26]. The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase consisting of an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, a transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain which includes a “cadherin-like” region. Receptor tyrosine kinases generally function as ligand dependent dimers, which phosphorylate “second messenger” proteins in the cytoplasm and they are commonly associated with regulation of cell growth and differentiation, the development of normal nerves, and expressed in gangliogenic source cells (such as neurogenic ganglia and ganglia of peripheral nerve system, neuroendocrine cells, epidermic pigment cells, etc.). Mutations of the RET gene may lead to the premature termination of the transcription and translation procedures or the alteration of amino acid sequence, and thus, during the embryogenesis, the signal conduction was obstructed, causing the nerve cells migration stagnated and the colonic nerves defected.

Exon 13 of RET gene played a key role in encoding the tyrosine kinase domain and therefore the exon 13 on 20 unrelated Chinese HD patients was examined with PCR-SSCP in the present study. The PCR result revealed that the increment of all DNA samples from HD patients was a single strand with the same length of 253 bp as that of the samples from the control, which indicated that a large fragment insertion and deletion did not exist in the exon 13 region among 20 HD cases. The SSCP analysis indicated that the mobility abnormality existed in 4 cases and further DNA sequencing analysis exhibited two novel mutations: a transition, T to G at the nucleotide 18888, which lead to a Cysteine transformed phenylalanine and the disulfide bond was disrupted of the receptor tyrosine kinase. And thus the RET protein was destroyed and the signal conduction was obstructed which finally caused HD. Another frameshift insert G at the nucleotide 18926, which could altered the amino acid sequence and thus Hirschsprung’s disease arose from the abnormal RET protein as mentioned above. In 4 HD cases, among which 3 cases were heterozygous mutation and 1 case who was two-day-old child was homozygous mutation, accompanied by serious icterus. It has been reported that only a half quantity of RET gene mutation are likely to cause HD and homozygous mutation of RET gene may be fetal in human[24-26], which has been confirmed by our finding.

So far, a variety of frameshift, nonsense, or missense mutations scattered along the entire RET proto-oncogene have been identified in HD patients. However, the ‘hot spot’ region has not been found, which causes the difficulties in the design of specific primer and the detection of the RET gene mutation by routine diagnostic method. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis enables the discrimination of DNA fragments of the same size containing sequence variations and has been employed in the investigation of the monogenic and polygenic diseases as well as the oncogene and anti-oncogene studies[27-38]. The technique is based on the facts that partially denatured double stranded DNA (dsDNA) migrates as two single stranded DNA (ssDNA) in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel edectrophoresis (PAGE), and that small changes in the nucleotide sequence may alter the ssDNA conformation and therefore its electrophoretic profiles. Thus, the single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis is useful to screen out the mutations in a small region with 150-500 bp in size on a gene of interest with the rapid, economic and sensitive characteristics. Because of the fragment of RET gene exon 13 being 253 bp, it is therefore suitable to take the PCR-SSCP analysis in our experiment. Furthermore, we found that increasing the concentrations of acrylamide and methylene bisacrylamide, using the thin gel (0.75 mm-thick) and applying the 100 mL·L^-1 glycerin made the straps obtained more be clear and distinguishable.

Hirschsprung’s disease is considered a heterogeneous genetic disorder with dominant, recessive, sex-linked and polygenic forms, and associated with a number of other genetic disorders including Down’s syndrome[39], familial leukoplakia, congenital central dysfunction of ventilation, etc. Up to now, it has not been reported yet on the inheritance patterns in the Chinese patients with HD. In the present study, SSCP analysis was performed as well for the samples from the family members of some cases with mutated RET gene. The results showed that in a HD family, the sicked child and his father were the same heterozygous missense mutation (Cys→Phe). However, the inheritance patterns for the family remain to be investigated. Besides, the sequencing analysis proved that even the same exon 13 on the RET gene manifested the allele heterogeneity in the sites and ways of mutation (missense mutation and frameshift mutation). Therefore, congenital megacolon is a highly heterogenous disease.

At present, the clinical therapy for Hirschsprung’s disease includes early diagnosis and excision of involved intestine segments[40-42]. But as for the patients with the long segment or the whole colon involved, the effect of the surgical intervention is extremely poor. In the present case, there were 4 cases of mutation screened out by the exon 13 on RET gene from 20 HD cases. The mutation rate of RET gene was 20%. Considering the false-negative result by SSCP analysis, the rate of the RET mutation should be higher. The higher mutation rate of RET gene implied that the checkout of gene mutation can be taken as a routine technique of molecular genetics for diagnosing congenital megacolon; together with the chromosome aberration analysis, the method can be applied in the clinical prenatal diagnosis.