Establishment and validation of a nomogram for predicting esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis

Table 2 Characteristics of patients with cirrhosis in the training and validation cohorts, n (%)

Characteristics	Training cohort (n = 669)	Validation cohort (n = 446)	P value
EGVB			0.953
No	518 (77)	346 (78)
Yes	151 (23)	100 (22)
Age (years), median (IQR)	60 (52, 70)	60 (52, 70)	0.814
Gender			0.508
Female	202 (30)	143 (32)
Male	467 (70)	303 (68)
WBC (× 109/L), median (IQR)	4.5 (3.2, 6.8)	4.4 (3.0, 6.4)	0.106
HGB (g/L), median (IQR)	97 (76, 119)	97 (75, 118)	0.799
PLT (× 109/L), median (IQR)	84 (58, 115)	78 (53, 112)	0.097
NEUT (× 109/L), median (IQR)	3.00 (2.00, 4.88)	2.90 (1.90, 4.49)	0.19
NLR, median (IQR)	3.4 (2.2, 5.5)	3.3 (2.1, 5.7)	0.761
APTT (second), median (IQR)	30 (27, 36)	30 (27, 37)	0.695
PTA (%), median (IQR)	68 (55, 82)	66 (52, 81)	0.197
INR, median (IQR)	1.28 (1.14, 1.40)	1.30 (1.17, 1.47)	0.156
TT, median (IQR)	19.00 (17.30, 20.90)	19.00 (18.00, 21.00)	0.112
PT, median (IQR)	13.80 (12.60, 15.50)	14.00 (12.50, 15.90)	0.244
Fbg (g/L), median (IQR)	1.76 (1.36, 2.24)	1.70 (1.35, 2.20)	0.589
ALB (g/L), median (IQR)	31.1 (27.0, 35.0)	31.0 (27.0, 35.0)	0.409
TBIL (μmol/L), median (IQR)	24 (14, 40)	23 (15, 43)	0.592
ALT (U/L), median (IQR)	31 (20, 52)	33 (22, 53)	0.346
AST (U/L), median (IQR)	40 (26, 69)	41 (28, 64)	0.289
TBA (μmol/L), median (IQR)	29 (14, 58)	31 (15, 70)	0.083
BUN (μmol/L), median (IQR)	6.0 (4.3, 9.0)	5.9 (4.5, 8.6)	0.898
CREA (μmol/L), median (IQR)	66 (54, 82)	67 (54, 84)	0.963
Na (mmol/L), median (IQR)	140.0 (137.0, 142.0)	139.0 (136.0, 141.7)	0.323
Ascites			0.445
No	302 (45)	191 (43)
Yes	367 (55)	255 (57)
Hepatic encephalopathy			0.392
No	605 (90.4)	410 (91.9)
Yes	64 (9.6)	36 (8.1)
Child-Pugh grade			0.751
A and B	514 (77)	339 (76)
C	155 (23)	107 (24)
Propranolol			0.714
No	619 (92.5)	410 (91.9)
Yes	50 (7.5)	36 (8.1)
Bleeding history			0.732
No	504 (75)	340 (76)
Yes	165 (25)	106 (24)
PVT			0.511
No	609 (91)	411 (92.2)
Yes	60 (9.0)	35 (7.8)
Diabetes mellitus			0.293
No	499 (75)	320 (72)
Yes	170 (25)	126 (28)
Etiology			0.035
Viral	290 (43)	190 (43)
Alcoholic	172 (26)	88 (20)
Mixed	47 (7.0)	45 (10)
Others	160 (24)	123 (28)

IQR: Interquartile range; EGVB: Esophagogastric variceal bleeding; TBA: Total bile acid; WBC: White blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; NEUT: Neutrophil; NLR: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; PTA: Prothrombin activity; INR: International normalized ratio; TT: Thromboplastin time; PT: Prothrombin time; Fbg: Fibrinogen; ALB: Albumin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; BUN: Blood urine nitrogen; CREA: Creatinine; Na: Sodium; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; Propranolol: History of propranolol intake within six months; Bleeding history: History of esophagogastric variceal bleeding within six months; Mixed: Viral + alcoholic.