Unlocking the secrets of the human gut microbiota: Comprehensive review on its role in different diseases

Table 4 Gut microbiota’s role in cancer progression: mechanistic insights and key bacterial implications

Sl No.	Disease	Mechanism of involvement	Key bacteria implicated	Ref.
1	Breast cancer	Modulation of systemic inflammation, hormone metabolism	Lactobacillus, Prevotella	[88]
		Gut microbiota impacts hormone levels and immune responses. Microbiota may modulate estrogen levels and immune cell infiltration in breast tissue, affecting cancer risk and progression	Clostridium, Bifidobacterium	[89]
2	Colorectal cancer	Chronic inflammation, carcinogen metabolism	Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli	[90]
		Gut microbiota influences chemotherapy efficacy. Microbial dysbiosis can affect drug metabolism and immune responses, altering treatment outcomes	Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides	[91]
3	Esophageal cancer	Dysbiosis in esophageal microbiome, inflammatory pathways	Prevotella, Fusobacterium	[92]
		Dysbiosis in esophageal microbiota is associated with cancer. Microbial-induced inflammation and changes in the esophageal microenvironment can contribute to cancer development	Prevotella, Streptococcus	[93]
4	Gastric cancer	Disruption of gastric mucosa, inflammation	Helicobacter pylori	[94]
		Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for gastric cancer. Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation and genetic alterations leading to cancer	Helicobacter pylori	[95]
5	Liver cancer	Modulation of liver inflammation, bile acid metabolism	Enterococcus, Bacteroides	[96]
		Gut microbiota can contribute to liver cancer development. Microbiota produced metabolites and inflammation can promote liver cancer progression	Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides	[97]
6	Lung cancer	Impact on lung microbiome, immune response modulation	Streptococcus, Bacteroides	[98]
		Oral and gut microbiota are linked to lung cancer risk. Inhaled microbiota or systemic effects from gut microbiota can influence lung inflammation and carcinogenesis	Streptococcus, Veillonella	[99]
7	Melanoma	Systemic immune modulation, tumor microenvironment	Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus	[100]
8	Ovarian cancer	Role in local inflammation, metabolic influences	Ruminococcus, Clostridium	[101]
9	Pancreatic cancer	Alteration of pancreatic microenvironment, immune modulation	Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium	[102]
		Microbiota composition affects pancreatic cancer development. Specific bacteria may modulate inflammation and immune responses in the pancreas	Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum	[103]
10	Prostate cancer	Influence on androgen metabolism, immune modulation	Clostridium, Firmicutes	[104]