Bletilla striata polysaccharides alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease through enhancing hepatocyte RelA/ HNF1α signaling

Figure 7 Bletilla striata polysaccharides treatment enhances the nuclear factor kappa B p65/hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha signaling and alleviates the lipid degeneration in the sodium oleate/sodium palmitate-stimulated hepatocytes. A: Oil red O staining of lipids in AML-12 and HepG2 cells; B: Intracellular triglycerides content; C: Cell counting kit-8 analysis of the viability of AML-12 and HepG2 cells; D: Malondialdehyde levels; E: Reduced glutathione levels; F: Western blot analysis of the relative levels of nuclear factor kappa B p65 and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha expression; G: Western blot analysis of the relative levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein expression; H: Western blot analysis of the relative levels of lipid metabolism-related protein expression; I: Western blot analysis of the relative levels of cleaved caspase-3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein phosphorylation; J: Flow cytometry analysis of the frequency of apoptotic cells. Data are representative images or expressed as the mean ± SD of each group from three separate experiments. ^aP < 0.05. ^bP < 0.01. ¹P < 0.01 vs the control group. ²P < 0.01 vs the sodium oleate/sodium palmitate group. SO/SP: Sodium oleate/sodium palmitate; BSP: Bletilla striata polysaccharides; TG: Triglycerides; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; HNF1α: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha; GRP78: 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein; CHOP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; HRD1: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase degradation 1 homolog; OD: Optical density; SREBP1c: Cleaved sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; MTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; MCAD: Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; MLKL: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4; RelA: Nuclear factor kappa B p65.