Risks of anti-Helicobacter therapy and long-term therapy with antisecretory drugs

Table 1 List of possible consequences of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors

No.	Possible consequences of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors
1	Significant deficiency of vitamins (B12 and C) and minerals (iron, calcium and magnesium)
2	Potential risk of congenital malformations in pregnant women
3	Infections of the intestine including Clostridium difficile, respiratory and urinary tract
4	Hypergastrinemia, which ultimately mediates the development of gastric polyps, gastric carcinoids and gastric cancer
5	Concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors with antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel may cause serious adverse cardiac events in patients
6	Osteoporosis-related fractures
7	Dementia
8	Rebound effect, hypersecretion after proton pump inhibitor withdrawal
9	Atrophy of the gastric mucosa (glands)