Impact of microplastics on the human digestive system: From basic to clinical

Figure 1 Mechanism of the damage from microplastics to oral cavity. Microplastics induce oxidative stress, which triggers an inflammatory response, releasing inflammatory factors that damage the oral mucosa and increase microplastics absorption; and change the oral flora species and cause health problems. MPs: Microplastics; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin.