Machine learning prediction of hepatic encephalopathy for long-term survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in acute variceal bleeding

Table 1 Baseline characteristics, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variables	Total, n = 218	Training set, n = 152	Test set, n = 66	P value
Age in years	52.14 ± 11.96	51.86 ± 11.93	52.80 ± 12.10	0.592
OS	47.83 ± 22.95	48.56 ± 22.66	46.14 ± 23.69	0.475
Etiology				0.044
Hepatitis B virus	153 (70.18)	110 (72.37)	43 (65.15)
Hepatitis C virus	11 (5.05)	9 (5.92)	2 (3.03)
Alcoholism	24 (11.01)	15 (9.87)	9 (13.64)
Autoimmune disease	7 (3.21)	7 (4.61)	0 (0.00)
Other etiologies	23 (10.55)	11 (7.24)	12 (18.18)
HE				0.856
No	208 (95.41)	145 (95.39)	63 (95.45)
Mild	8 (3.67)	5 (3.29)	3 (4.55)
Moderate and severe	2 (0.92)	2 (1.32)	0 (0.00)
Ascites				0.686
No	73 (33.49)	54 (35.53)	19 (28.79)
Mild	85 (38.99)	56 (36.84)	29 (43.94)
Moderate	59 (27.06)	41 (26.97)	18 (27.27)
Severe	1 (0.46)	1 (0.66)	0 (0.00)
PVT				0.594
No	177 (81.19)	122 (80.26)	55 (83.33)
Yes	41 (18.81)	30 (19.74)	11 (16.67)
SMVT				0.412
No	197 (90.37)	139 (91.45)	58 (87.88)
Yes	21 (9.63)	13 (8.55)	8 (12.12)
SVT				1
No	213 (97.71)	149 (98.03)	64 (96.97)
Yes	5 (2.29)	3 (1.97)	2 (3.03)
BCS				0.318
No	213 (97.71)	147 (96.71)	66 (100.00)
Yes	5 (2.29)	5 (3.29)	0 (0.00)
CTPV				0.085
No	203 (93.12)	145 (95.39)	58 (87.88)
Yes	15 (6.88)	7 (4.61)	8 (12.12)
Pressure-related indicators
Pre-IVCP	5.66 ± 4.07	5.53 ± 4.09	5.97 ± 4.03	0.461
Pre-PVP	28.07 ± 6.62	28.05 ± 6.50	28.14 ± 6.96	0.927
Pre-PPG	22.41 ± 5.51	22.52 ± 5.43	22.17 ± 5.73	0.665
Post-IVCP	8.28 ± 4.62	8.26 ± 4.65	8.33 ± 4.59	0.911
Post-PVP	18.00 ± 5.87	18.02 ± 5.78	17.94 ± 6.12	0.926
Post-PPG	9.72 ± 3.71	9.76 ± 3.73	9.61 ± 3.69	0.775
Blood and biochemical indicators
TBIL	22.79 ± 15.02	22.97 ± 14.75	22.38 ± 15.75	0.789
ALB	33.94 ± 5.19	33.88 ± 5.32	34.10 ± 4.92	0.775
CR	90.51 ± 78.67	90.90 ± 73.21	89.61 ± 90.59	0.911
ALT	24.93 ± 18.65	24.18 ± 17.19	26.65 ± 21.71	0.37
Prolonged PT	1.86 ± 2.43	1.93 ± 2.30	1.69 ± 2.72	0.504
INR	1.30 ± 0.23	1.31 ± 0.22	1.27 ± 0.24	0.187
Sodium	140.68 ± 12.47	140.06 ± 3.41	142.11 ± 22.12	0.266
PLT	94.59 ± 77.50	89.96 ± 71.21	105.24 ± 90.05	0.182
WBC	5.17 ± 3.51	5.05 ± 3.29	5.46 ± 3.97	0.426
Clinical scores and classifications
Child-Pugh score	7.17 ± 1.71	7.18 ± 1.75	7.15 ± 1.61	0.897
Child-Pugh classification				0.776
A	85 (38.99)	61 (40.13)	24 (36.36)
B	111 (50.92)	75 (49.34)	36 (54.55)
C	22 (10.09)	16 (10.53)	6 (9.09)
MELD score	10.86 ± 3.70	11.05 ± 3.62	10.42 ± 3.87	0.243
MELD classification				0.54
Mild	103 (47.25)	67 (44.08)	36 (54.55)
Moderate	78 (35.78)	57 (37.50)	21 (31.82)
Severe	37 (16.97)	27 (18.42)	9 (13.64)
MELD-Na score	11.50 ± 4.64	11.66 ± 4.33	11.14 ± 5.31	0.447
ALBI score	-0.95 ± 0.62	-0.94 ± 0.62	-0.99 ± 0.61	0.591
ALBI classification				0.343
Low risk	52 (23.85)	39 (25.66)	13 (19.70)
High risk	166 (76.15)	113 (74.34)	53 (80.30)
FIPS score	2.49 ± 1.09	2.56 ± 0.98	2.34 ± 1.30	0.184
CLIF-C AD score	41.57 ± 10.60	42.01 ± 8.10	40.55 ± 14.86	0.351
CLIF-C AD classification				0.84
Low risk	147 (67.43)	101 (66.45)	46 (69.70)
Intermediate risk	65 (29.82)	47 (30.92)	18 (27.27)
High risk	6 (2.75)	4 (2.63)	2 (3.03)
Previous surgeries and procedures
EBL				0.986
No	195 (89.45)	136 (89.47)	59 (89.39)
Yes	23 (10.55)	16 (10.53)	7 (10.61)
Partial splenectomy				0.629
No	198 (90.83)	139 (91.45)	59 (89.39)
Yes	20 (9.17)	13 (8.55)	7 (10.61)
EIS				0.605
No	211 (96.79)	146 (96.05)	65 (98.48)
Yes	7 (3.21)	6 (3.95)	1 (1.52)
GCAE				1
No	217 (99.54)	151 (99.34)	66 (100.00)
Yes	1 (0.46)	1 (0.66)	0 (0.00)
PSE				0.989
No	213 (97.71)	148 (97.37)	65 (98.48)
Yes	5 (2.29)	4 (2.63)	1 (1.52)

ALB: Albumin; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; CLIF-C AD: Chronic liver failure consortium acute decompensation; CR: Creatinine; CTPV: Cavernous transformation of the portal vein; EBL: Endoscopic band ligation; EIS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; FIPS: Fibrosis-4 index for liver fibrosis; GCAE: Gastric antral vascular ectasia; IVCP: Inferior vena cava pressure; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; INR: International normalized ratio; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease sodium; OS: Overall survival; PLT: Platelet count; PPG: Portal pressure gradient; PSE: Partial splenectomy; PT: Prothrombin time; PVP: Portal venous pressure; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; SMVT: Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis; SVT: Splenic vein thrombosis; TBIL: Total bilirubin; WBC: White blood cell.