Predictive models and clinical manifestations of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis: Prospective comparative study

Table 4 Univariable logistic regression analysis for the predictors of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis

Variables	Univariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age, years	0.959 (0.931-0.988)	0.006
Hepatitis B	0.408 (0.224-0.740)	0.003
Autoimmune hepatitis	2.929 (1.230-6.979)	0.015
Liver cancer	0.459 (0.254-0.830)	0.010
Ascites	2.780 (1.340-5.767)	0.006
MELD score	1.019 (1.008-1.029)	< 0.001
Child-Pugh classification
I
II	9.402 (2.790-31.687)	< 0.001
III	19.744 (5.580-69.859)	< 0.001
Decompensated stage	3.200 (1.315-7.788)	0.010
PH	2123 (0.517-8719201)	0.071
P(A-a)O2, mmHg	1.095 (1.065-1.126)	< 0.001
PaO2, mmHg	0.921 (0.897-0.945)	< 0.001
PaCO2, mmHg	0.864 (0.808-0.923)	< 0.001
SpO2, %	0.726 (0.612-0.862)	< 0.001
PCT, ng/mL	1.133 (0.979-1.312)	0.094
HGB, g/L	0.975 (0.964-0.987)	< 0.001
Platelet count, × 109/L	0.995 (0.989-1.001)	0.105
NLR	1.052 (1.001-1.106)	0.044
Albumin, g/L	0.847 (0.797-0.901)	< 0.001
AST, U/L	1.003 (0.999-1.007)	0.127
TBIL, μmol/L	1.004 (1.002-1.007)	< 0.001
DBIL, μmol/L	1.005 (1.002-1.009)	< 0.001
INR	3.457 (1.694-7.055)	< 0.001
Prothrombin time, seconds	1.098 (1.028-1.172)	0.005
Prothrombin time activity, %	0.960 (0.943-0.978)	< 0.001
Sodium, mmol/L	0.894 (0.840-0.952)	< 0.001
Cardiac output, L/minute	1.346 (1.108-1.635)	0.003
Cardiac index, L/minute/m²	1.118 (0.929-1.347)	0.238
S1P	0.991 (0.983-0.999)	0.029
Angiopoietin-2	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	< 0.001
vWF	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.762
sE-selectin, pg/mL	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.546
ICAM-1, pg/mL	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.225
PDGF-BB, pg/mL	0.994 (0.988-0.999)	0.027
TNF alpha, pg/mL	1.000 (0.988-1.012)	0.951
VCAM-1, pg/mL	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.133
VEGF-A, pg/mL	1.001 (1.000-1.002)	0.051

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CI: Confidence interval; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; HGB: Hemoglobin; ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1; INR: International normalized ratio; MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OR: Odds ratio; P(A-a)O₂: Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient; PaO₂: Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; PaCO₂: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PCT: Procalcitonin; PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor BB; PH: Potential of hydrogen; S1P: Sphingosine 1 phosphate; SpO₂: Peripheral oxygen saturation; TBIL: Total bilirubin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; vWF: Von Willebrand factor; SII: Systemic inflammation index calculated as (neutrophil count × platelet count)/lymphocyte count.