Multi-omics reveals the associations among the fecal metabolome, intestinal bacteria, and serum indicators in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Demographic profiles and clinical features of the participants in the study, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristic	HC (n = 19)	HCC
		HCC12 (n = 18)	HCC34 (n = 20)
Gender
Female	6	3	3
Male	13 (68.42)	15 (83.33)	17 (85.00)
Age (years)	51.42 ± 7.27	65.83 ± 8.49b,1	57.60 ± 8.32a,b,2
BMI (kg/m2)	24.73 ± 2.73	22.40 ± 3.70a,1	22.49 ± 3.36a,b,2
Stage
I		7
II		11
III			11
IV			9
Complicated with HBV infection		12 (66.67)	18 (90)
Complicated with cirrhosis		18 (100)	19 (95)
ALT (IU/L)	31.34 ± 13.28	24.68 ± 13.70	43.69 ± 34.80a,2
AST (IU/L)	20.07 ± 7.09	47.84 ± 30.10b,1	73.54 ± 48.00b,1
ALB (g/L)	47.39 ± 4.24	34.41 ± 5.49b,1	31.37 ± 3.97b,1
ALP (IU/L)	79.29 ± 27.75	142.92 ± 183.94	177.34 ± 125.17b,1
GGT (mmol/L)	17.41 ± 8.24	111.30 ± 111.34b,1	85.48 ± 59.86b,1
TBIL (mmol/L)	12.06 ± 4.86	30.33 ± 18.98b,1	50.29 ± 52.58b,1
AFP (ng/mL)	1.21 ± 1.23	177.50 ± 370.07b,1	553.16 ± 548.05b,1,2

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

¹P calculated hepatocellular carcinoma vs healthy control.

²P calculated comprising patients with stage III and IV hepatocellular carcinoma vs comprising patients with stage I and II hepatocellular carcinoma.

HC: Healthy control; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC12: Comprising patients with stage I and II hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC34: Comprising patients with stage III and IV hepatocellular carcinoma; BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.