Conversion treatment for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Opportunities and challenges

Table 2 Ongoing clinical trials of combination therapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

ClinicalTrials.gov reference	Study phase	Interventions	Primary endpoint	Status
NCT05400902	Phase 2	HAIC combined with tislelizumab and apatinib	ORR	Recruiting
NCT05535647	Phase 2	Regorafenib and HAIC	ORR	Not yet recruiting
		FOLFOX
NCT06239532	Phase 2	TAE + HAIC + tislelizumab + surufatinib	ORR	Recruiting
NCT05010668	Phase 2	Cryoablation combined with sintilimab plus lenvatinib	ORR	Recruiting
NCT04954781	Phase 2	TACE in combination with tislelizumab	ORR	Recruiting
NCT06298968	Phase 2	Combined therapy using GC, lenvatinib and adebrelimab	ORR	Recruiting
NCT04961970	Phase 3	HAIC with FOLFOX	OS	Recruiting
		Systemic chemotherapy with GP
NCT06335927	Phase 2	HAIC-Gemox + cadonilimab + regorafenib	ORR	Recruiting
NCT04238637	Phase 2	Y-90 SIRT + durvalumab	ORR	Recruiting
		Y-90 SIRT + durvalumab + tremelimumab
NCT05342194	Phase 3	Toripalimab, lenvatinib, and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy	OS	Not yet recruiting
		Toripalimab, oral placebo, and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy
		Intravenous placebo, oral placebo, and gemcitabine-based chemotherapy
NCT04299581	Phase 2	Cryoablation combined with anti-PD-1 antibody	ORR	Recruiting
NCT05781958	Phase 2	Cadonilimab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin	ORR	Active, not recruiting
NCT05174650	Phase 2	Combined treatment with atezolizumab and derazantinib	ORR	Active, not recruiting
NCT05422690	Phase 2	Gemcitabine, cisplatin and durvalumab chemotherapy treatments with Y-90	ORR	Recruiting
NCT04454905	Phase 2	Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib	PFS	Recruiting
NCT06648525	Phase 2	Adebrelimab + irinotecan liposomes + 5-fluorouracil + calcium folinate + lenvatinib	PFS	Not yet recruiting
		Adebrelimab + irinotecan liposomes + 5-fluorouracil + calcium folinate
NCT05738057	Phase 2	Combined therapy using D-TACE, gemcitabine and cisplatin, and camrelizumab	Conversion rate	Recruiting
NCT05835245	Phase 2	Cryoablation combined with sintilimab plus lenvatinib	ORR	Recruiting
NCT06058663	Phase 1	Radioembolization with tremelimumab and durvalumab	Incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events	Recruiting
NCT05655949	Phase 2	Gemcitabine + cisplatin + durvalumab + Y-90 selective internal radiation therapy	PFS	Recruiting
			Incidence of grade 3 or higher treatment-related toxicity
NCT06567600	Phase 2	Low-dose gemcitabine and cisplatin and PD-1/PD-L1 antibody	ORR	Not yet recruiting
NCT04634058	Phase 2	PD-L1 antibody combined with CTLA-4 antibody	ORR	Recruiting
NCT01862315	Phase 2	Hepatic arterial infusion with floxuridine and dexamethasone combined with systemic Gemox	PFS	Active, not recruiting
NCT05348811	Phase 2	HAIC combined with donafenib and sintilimab	ORR	Recruiting
NCT06192797	Phase 2	Combined HAIC, lenvatinib and pucotenlimab	Number of patients amendable to curative surgical interventions	Recruiting
NCT06192784	Phase 2	Combined DEB-TACE, lenvatinib and pucotenlimab	Number of patients amendable to curative surgical interventions	Recruiting
NCT04834674	Phase 2	DEB-TACE combined with apatinib and PD-1 antibody	ORR	Recruiting
			PFS
NCT05913661	Phase 2	Pemigatinib combined with PD-1 inhibitor	ORR	Recruiting

HAIC: Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; ORR: Objective response rate; FOLFOX: Oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil; TAE: Transcatheter arterial embolization; GC: Gemcitabine plus cisplatin; GP: Gemcitabine and cisplatin; Gemox: Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin; Y-90: Yttrium-90; SIRT: Selective internal radiation therapy; OS: Overall survival; PD-1: Programmed cell death 1; PFS: Progression free survival; PD-L1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; DEB-TACE: Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization.