Rapid pathologic grading-based diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via Raman spectroscopy and a deep learning algorithm

Figure 3 Architecture of 1D-transformer network model. Raman data composed of 360 individual spectra are introduced to preprocessing + partial least-squares, a linear embedding layer, a location coding layer, a coding layer, and a classification head respectively. PLS: Partial least-squares; RELU: Rectified linear unit.