Endoplasmic reticulum stress in gut inflammation: Implications for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Figure 4 Comparison of normal intestine and intestine of inflammatory bowel disease patients. A and B: The predominant symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding; additional symptoms may encompass urgency to defecate, weight loss, anorexia, nausea, and anal pain, which, although manageable, exhibit a high recurrence rate. Te: Effector T cell; Tm: Memory T cell; DC: Dendritic cell; ERS: Endoplasmic reticulum stress; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; Th1: T helper cell 1; Th2: T helper cell 2; Th17: T helper cell 17.