Endoplasmic reticulum stress in gut inflammation: Implications for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Table 2 Commonly used drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Drugs	Mechanism of action	Clinical application	Adverse reaction
Mesalamine	Decreased synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes	Patients with mild to moderate UC should maintain remission	Gastrointestinal upset, headaches, and kidney damage
Prednisone	It reduces leukocyte migration and suppresses the immune response	Short-term induced remission in moderately to severely active CD and UC is possible	Weight gain osteoporosis diabetes
Budesonide	Inhibits multiple inflammatory mediators	There was an induced remission of moderate to mild CD	Gastrointestinal distress and mild hypertension
Azathioprine	It inhibits purine synthesis and reduces leukocyte activation	We maintain the remission of CD and UC while reducing our reliance on hormones	Bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, and nausea
Infliximab	Anti-TNF-α inhibits inflammatory response	Both of these therapies are either ineffective or poorly tolerated	Infusion reactions and drug resistance
Ustekinumab	Anti-IL-12/23 inhibits activation of Th1 and Th17 cells	CD and UC are moderately to severely active	Injection site reactions: Risk of infection

IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; Th17: T helper cell 17; Th1: T helper cell 1.