Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to metabolic dysfunction and associated steatotic liver disease: A large cross-sectional study

Table 6 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection

Variable	β	β SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Age	0.001	0.001	0.254	0.614	1.001	0.998-1.003
Blood glucose	0.76	0.01	57.568	0.001	1.079	1.058-1.100
HDL	-0.178	0.055	10.403	0.001	0.837	0.751-0.932
Total cholesterol	0.075	0.042	3.195	0.074	1.077	0.993-1.169
LDL	-0.041	0.049	0.694	0.405	0.96	0.871-1.057
BMI	0.016	0.005	9.816	0.002	1.016	1.006-1.026
Systolic blood pressure	-0.002	0.001	2.748	0.097	0.998	0.996-1.000
Diastolic blood pressure	0.003	0.002	3.991	0.048	1.003	1.000-1.007
MASLD	-0.058	0.034	2.858	0.091	0.944	0.883-1.009

Notably, higher blood glucose [odds ratio (OR) = 1.079], body mass index (OR = 1.016), and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.003) levels were independent risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection, whereas elevated high-density lipoprotein (OR = 0.837) levels had a protective effect. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease was not significantly associated with infection risk (P = 0.091). OR: Odds ratio; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.