Perirenal fat area is a preoperative predictor of hypertension resolution after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: Generalized additive models

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients and their correlation with hypertension resolution, n (%)

Basic information	Resolved	Unresolved	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age (years)	33.1 ± 9.3	35.3 ± 8.1	0.973 (0.931-1.017)	0.226
Gender			1.785 (0.792-4.197)	0.170
Male	54 (50.5)	20 (64.5)
Female	53 (49.5)	11 (35.5)
Obesity duration (years)	6.3 ± 6.9	9.1 ± 7.3	0.951 (0.898-1.002)	0.063
Related diseases
T2DM	58 (54.2)	21 (67.7)	0.564 (0.234-1.285)	0.183
Hyperlipidemia	50 (46.7)	19 (61.3)	0.554 (0.24-1.241)	0.156
NAFLD	97 (90.7)	28 (90.3)	1.039 (0.222-3.675)	0.956
OSAHS	77 (72.0)	23 (74.2)	0.893 (0.343-2.15)	0.807
Hyperuricemia	52 (48.6)	20 (64.5)	0.52 (0.221-1.172)	0.121
Physical examination
SBP (mmHg)	152.7 ± 11.7	158 ± 13.3	0.966 (0.935-0.998)	0.038
DBP (mmHg)	94.9 ± 12.7	97.9 ± 13.3	0.982 (0.95-1.013)	0.260
BMI (kg/m2)	42.2 ± 7	45.1 ± 8.8	0.951 (0.902-1.002)	0.060
Waist circumference (cm)	127.7 ± 15.1	134.5 ± 17.5	0.974 (0.949-0.999)	0.040
Hip circumference (cm)	130.9 ± 13.8	136 ± 17	0.977 (0.95-1.004)	0.089
Waist-to-hip ratio	1 ± 0.1	1 ± 0.1	0.051 (0-21.548)	0.338
Blood tests
HbA1c (%)	6.7 ± 1.3	6.8 ± 1.3	0.908 (0.683-1.232)	0.512
HOMA-IR	11.9 ± 8.1	13.8 ± 10.3	0.977 (0.936-1.022)	0.286
ALT (U/L)	51.2 ± 41.6	48.6 ± 43.6	1.002 (0.992-1.013)	0.761
AST (U/L)	28.5 ± 17.9	34.7 ± 25.6	0.986 (0.968-1.005)	0.136
AST/ALT	0.6 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.4	0.058 (0.008-0.307)	0.002
Creatinine (μmol/L)	66.2 ± 23.4	67.8 ± 18.6	0.997 (0.98-1.015)	0.719
eGFR	116.1 ± 33.2	118.6 ± 19	0.997 (0.981-1.01)	0.694
Uric acid (μmol/L)	391.6 ± 152	454.9 ± 102.4	0.997 (0.993-1)	0.034
Sodium (mmol/L)	136.3 ± 13.6	140.5 ± 2.5	0.81 (0.66-0.958)	0.033
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.3 ± 2.1	2.5 ± 2.8	0.972 (0.832-1.182)	0.730
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.5 ± 1.2	5 ± 0.9	0.641 (0.412-0.947)	0.035
HDL-CH (mmol/L)	1.1 ± 0.4	1 ± 0.2	2.721 (0.747-15.931)	0.198
LDL-CH (mmol/L)	2.8 ± 1	3.2 ± 0.8	0.562 (0.325-0.913)	0.028
ApoA1:ApoB	3.7 ± 11	1 ± 0.5	2.445 (1.147-9.909)	0.172
ApoE (mg/L)	50 ± 17.9	50.8 ± 11.6	0.997 (0.974-1.022)	0.819
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	13.7 ± 8.5	17.4 ± 9.8	0.96 (0.919-1.001)	0.053
FT3 (pmol/L)	5.8 ± 2.6	5.4 ± 0.9	1.299 (0.924-2.24)	0.323
FT4 (pmol/L)	19.2 ± 14.4	17.8 ± 2.3	1.018 (0.979-1.166)	0.658
Renin	36.8 ± 60.6	42.2 ± 90.5	0.999 (0.994-1.005)	0.699
Angiotensin II	43.5 ± 21.3	39.9 ± 17.4	1.009 (0.989-1.032)	0.388
Aldosterone	11.8 ± 7.6	13.9 ± 11.3	0.975 (0.934-1.019)	0.239
ACTH (pg/mL)	36.1 ± 24.1	32.3 ± 22.5	1.007 (0.99-1.028)	0.432
Cortisol at 8:00 am (nmol/L)	309.8 ± 131.6	356.3 ± 115.8	0.997 (0.994-1)	0.080
CT measurements
PrFA (cm2)	19 ± 10.5	30.5 ± 16	0.934 (0.901-0.965)	< 0.001
PrFT (cm)	1.4 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 1.3	0.551 (0.369-0.802)	0.002
Visceral fat area (cm2)	198.4 ± 89.7	262.6 ± 105.8	0.993 (0.989-0.997)	0.002
Total fat area (cm2)	576.4 ± 175.1	645.7 ± 178.3	0.998 (0.996-1)	0.058

Univariate logistic regression models were used to recognize the correlation of baseline characteristics with hypertension resolution. Data are expressed by quantity (rate) or mean ± SD. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OSAHS: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-CH: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-CH: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1; ApoB: Apolipoprotein B; ApoE: Apolipoprotein E; FT3: Free triiodothyronine; FT4: Free thyroxine; ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone; CT: Computed tomography; PrFA: Perirenal fat area; PrFT: Perirenal fat thickness.