Randomized study of Lacticaseibacillus fermented milk in Indonesian elderly houses: Impact on gut microbiota and gut environment

Table 5 Subgroup analyses on reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction outcomes

	Participant types	3 months		6 months
		LS mean difference (95%CI)	P value1	LS mean difference (95%CI)	P value1
Total bacteria	Resident	0.12 (-0.33 to 0.57)	0.488	-0.05 (-0.68 to 0.59)	0.752
	Staff	-0.12 (-0.65 to 0.41)		0.11 (-0.62 to 0.83)
Bacillota
Clostridium coccoides group	Resident	0.30 (-0.14 to 0.74)	0.279	0.08 (-0.42 to 0.58)	0.068
	Staff	-0.07 (-0.60 to 0.45)		-0.62 (-1.20 to -0.05)
Clostridium leptum subgroup	Resident	0.13 (-0.35 to 0.61)	0.198	0.06 (-0.42 to 0.54)	0.159
	Staff	-0.36 (-0.93 to 0.22)		-0.47 (-1.03 to 0.09)
Clostridium perfringens	Resident	0.07 (-0.62 to 0.75)	0.451	0.22 (-0.41 to 0.86)	0.491
	Staff	-0.34 (-1.14 to 0.46)		-0.12 (-0.87 to 0.64)
Total lactobacilli	Resident	0.37 (-0.31 to 1.06)	0.273	0.51 (-0.22 to 1.25)	0.067
	Staff	-0.21 (-1.01 to 0.59)		-0.55 (-1.43 to 0.32)
Enterococcus	Resident	-0.13 (-0.70 to 0.43)	0.144	0.32 (-0.26 to 0.90)	0.003b
	Staff	-0.77 (-1.42 to -0.12)		-1.04 (-1.70 to -0.37)
Streptococcus	Resident	-0.06 (-0.47 to 0.36)	0.964	0.08 (-0.37 to 0.53)	0.698
	Staff	-0.07 (-0.56 to 0.42)		-0.06 (-0.57 to 0.46)
Staphylococcus	Resident	0.17 (-0.52 to 0.86)	0.966	-0.01 (-0.65 to 0.62)	0.340
	Staff	0.19 (-0.57 to 0.94)		-0.48 (-1.21 to 0.26)
Bacteroidota
Bacteroides fragilis group	Resident	0.04 (-0.42 to 0.50)	0.639	0.10 (-0.35 to 0.55)	0.167
	Staff	-0.13 (-0.68 to 0.43)		-0.38 (-0.90 to 0.14)
Prevotella	Resident	0.44 (-0.29 to 1.16)	0.206	0.15 (-0.65 to 0.96)	0.911
	Staff	-0.28 (-1.13 to 0.57)		0.22 (-0.61 to 1.04)
Actinomycetota
Atopobium cluster	Resident	0.00 (-0.41 to 0.40)	0.904	-0.05 (-0.49 to 0.38)	0.969
	Staff	-0.04 (-0.53 to 0.44)		-0.07 (-0.57 to 0.44)
Bifidobacterium	Resident	0.84 (0.26 to 1.42)	0.031a	0.25 (-0.26 to 0.75)	0.044a
	Staff	-0.14 (-0.81 to 0.53)		-0.54 (-1.11 to 0.04)
Pseudomonadota
Enterobacteriaceae	Resident	-0.03 (-0.54 to 0.49)	0.390	0.10 (-0.4 to 0.61)	0.102
	Staff	-0.37 (-0.97 to 0.23)		-0.54 (-1.12 to 0.05)
Pseudomonas	Resident	-0.19 (-0.74 to 0.36)	0.721	-0.21 (-0.56 to 0.15)	0.865
	Staff	-0.39 (-1.35 to 0.58)		-0.16 (-0.62 to 0.31)

¹P values for the interaction between treatment and participant type.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

LS: Least squares; CI: Confidence interval.