Randomized study of Lacticaseibacillus fermented milk in Indonesian elderly houses: Impact on gut microbiota and gut environment

Table 3 Changes in stool organic acids and amino acid metabolites

	Placebo			Probiotic
	Baseline	3 months	6 months	Baseline	3 months	6 months
Organic acids, μmol/g
Acetate, mean ± SD	13.75 ± 4.82	15.88 ± 8.01	14.63 ± 5.54	14.24 ± 5.49	17.97 ± 8.21	15.81 ± 4.85
Formate, mean ± SD	1.91 ± 0.40	1.71 ± 0.30	2.44 ± 0.24	1.90 ± 0.38	1.72 ± 0.17	2.43 ± 0.21
Propionate, mean ± SD	4.44 ± 2.43	5.56 ± 3.51	5.43 ± 3.81	4.68 ± 2.66	6.46 ± 4.09	5.82 ± 3.27
Isobutyrate, mean ± SD	0.41 ± 0.23	0.50 ± 0.39	0.48 ± 0.28	0.48 ± 0.32	0.51 ± 0.42	0.52 ± 0.27
Butyrate, mean ± SD	3.56 ± 2.23	4.32 ± 3.11	3.95 ± 2.89	4.29 ± 3.03	5.21 ± 3.05b	5.04 ± 3.11a
Isovalerate, mean ± SD	0.36 ± 0.24	0.45 ± 0.35	0.42 ± 0.27	0.44 ± 0.34	0.48 ± 0.39	0.43 ± 0.24
Valerate, mean ± SD	0.65 ± 0.41	0.63 ± 0.47	0.57 ± 0.35	0.73 ± 0.44	0.68 ± 0.39	0.67 ± 0.37
Isocaproate, median (IQR)	0.01 (0.01-0.03)	0.02 (0.01-0.03)	0.01 (0.00-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.02)	0.02 (0.01-0.04)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)
Caproate, median (IQR)	0.07 (0.04-0.14)	0.06 (0.01-0.23)	0.05 (0.03-0.12)	0.05 (0.03-0.16)	0.06 (0.02-0.11)	0.05 (0.03-0.17)
Heptanoate, median (IQR)	0.01 (0.01-0.03)	0.01 (0.00-0.10)	0.01 (0.00-0.01)	0.02 (0.01-0.03)	0.00 (0.00-0.06)	0.01 (0.00-0.02)
Lactate, median (IQR)	0.03 (0.02-0.05)	0.03 (0.02-0.04)	0.03 (0.02-0.04)	0.03 (0.01-0.04)	0.02 (0.02-0.03)	0.02 (0.02-0.04)
Succinate, median (IQR)	0.01 (0.01-0.02)	0.02 (0.01-0.04)	0.01 (0.01-0.03)	0.01 (0.01-0.03)	0.03 (0.01-0.06)	0.02 (0.01-0.03)
Total organic acids, mean ± SD	25.31 ± 9.08	29.38 ± 13.83	28.11 ± 11.81	27.00 ± 9.54	33.33 ± 13.86	30.95 ± 10.11
pH
pH, median (IQR)	6.12 (5.86-6.30)	5.99 (5.80-6.35)	6.06 (5.81-6.39)	6.08 (5.75-6.41)	5.89 (5.60-6.38)	5.93 (5.75-6.18)b
Amino acid metabolites, μg/g
Ammonia, median (IQR)	383.7 (245.4-479.5)	467.6 (361.5-568.1)	2015.4 (651.5-3263.7)	358.9 (260.8-506.0)	470.2 (374.6-585.3)	1401.8 (335.8-3116.6)
Indole, median (IQR)	15.92 (9.19-30.40)	13.46 (8.14-22.35)	3.82 (2.78-10.28)	11.97 (7.29-23.70)	14.70 (11.50-23.87)	5.94 (2.95-12.01)
Phenol, median (IQR)	5.24 (4.35-8.67)	5.74 (1.91-14.24)	3.71 (1.96-5.46)	7.02 (2.87-15.46)	3.65 (1.66-10.27)	2.31 (1.40-4.07)
p-cresol, median (IQR)	16.36 (7.42-26.30)	13.03 (8.54-29.98)	6.94 (4.33-11.47)	12.45 (9.46-26.09)	12.44 (7.94-25.91)	8.09 (5.64-12.06)

^aP < 0.05 vs placebo.

^bP < 0.10 vs placebo.

IQR: Interquartile range.