Randomized study of Lacticaseibacillus fermented milk in Indonesian elderly houses: Impact on gut microbiota and gut environment

Table 2 Changes in microbiota measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction

	Placebo						Probiotic
	Baseline		3 months		6 months		Baseline		3 months		6 months
Total bacteria	9.3 ± 1.5	98%	9.9 ± 0.8	98%	9.8 ± 1.4	98%	9.8 ± 0.9	100%	9.9 ± 1.0	98%	9.8 ± 1.0	100%
Bacillota
Clostridium coccoides group	8.8 ± 1.3	89%	9.2 ± 0.9	96%	9.3 ± 0.9	94%	9.0 ± 1.1	100%	9.4 ± 0.7	94%	9.1 ± 1.0	98%
Clostridium leptum subgroup	8.6 ± 1.4	96%	9.2 ± 0.9	94%	9.4 ± 0.7	94%	9.1 ± 1.0	100%	9.1 ± 1.0	98%	9.2 ± 1.0	100%
Clostridium perfringens	6.3 ± 1.5	91%	6.0 ± 1.3	88%	5.5 ± 1.2	92%	6.4 ± 1.4	98%	5.9 ± 1.2	92%	5.5 ± 1.1	94%
Clostridioides difficile	6.0 ± 1.7	6%	6.9 ± 0.9	6%	4.9 ± 1.9	6%	3.9 ± 0.4	5%	< 2.3	0%	< 2.3	0%
Total lactobacilli1	6.4 ± 1.7	93%	7.0 ± 1.3	96%	7.1 ± 1.6	94%	6.7 ± 1.6	98%	7.1 ± 1.3	98%	7.2 ± 1.2	98%
Lactobacillus2	5.4 ± 1.5	76%	5.6 ± 1.4	90%	5.8 ± 1.5	88%	5.7 ± 1.6	88%	5.8 ± 1.5	81%	5.5 ± 1.5	92%
Levilactobacillus brevis2	3.3 ± 0.6	24%	3.5 ± 0.6	37%	3.5 ± 1.2	38%	3.4 ± 0.8	38%	4.0 ± 1.0	23%	3.3 ± 0.4	29%
Lacticaseibacillus2	4.6 ± 1.4	19%	5.2 ± 1.4	31%	4.2 ± 1.0	36%	4.9 ± 1.3	32%	6.1 ± 1.2a	94%b	6.3 ± 0.8b	88%b
Limosilactobacillus fermentum2	5.6 ± 1.0	56%	5.3 ± 0.7	71%	4.9 ± 0.9	56%	5.4 ± 0.7	71%	5.5 ± 0.9	71%	4.9 ± 0.6	65%
Fructilactobacillus fructivorans2	3.1	2%	3.1 ± 0.4	6%	2.7	2%	< 2.3	0%	3.0 ± 0.2	6%	2.8 ± 0.4	6%
Lactiplantibacillus2	4.1 ± 1.1	85%	4.4 ± 1.2	92%	4.6 ± 1.0	94%	4.2 ± 1.0	91%	4.4 ± 1.2	83%	4.6 ± 1.1	98%
Limosilactobacillus except L. fermentum2	4.7 ± 1.3	80%	5.1 ± 1.2	90%	4.7 ± 1.3	94%	5.2 ± 1.3	82%	5.3 ± 1.2	87%	4.9 ± 1.1	90%
Liquorilactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus2	6.8 ± 2.1	35%	7.3 ± 1.6	48%	7.7 ± 1.5	48%	7.1 ± 2.0	36%	6.9 ± 2.0	58%	7.3 ± 1.7	53%
Latilactobacillus2	4.7 ± 0.4	4%	4.6 ± 0.4	15%	4.0 ± 0.8	16%	4.3 ± 0.8	9%	4.0 ± 0.9	12%	3.9 ± 0.8	16%
Enterococcus	6.8 ± 1.5	78%	7.5 ± 0.8	85%	7.5 ± 1.0	86%	6.9 ± 1.1	79%	7.1 ± 1.1c	81%	7.2 ± 1.2	90%
Streptococcus	5.1 ± 1.1	83%	5.0 ± 0.8	96%	5.3 ± 0.8	92%	5.1 ± 0.9	96%	5.0 ± 0.8	94%	5.3 ± 0.9	98%
Staphylococcus	7.4 ± 1.9	70%	8.0 ± 1.0	77%	8.2 ± 0.9	72%	8.1 ± 1.0	80%	8.1 ± 1.2	71%	8.0 ± 1.2	84%
Bacteroidota
Bacteroides fragilis group	7.6 ± 0.9	80%	8.0 ± 0.9	92%	8.2 ± 0.8	94%	7.7 ± 1.0	93%	8.0 ± 0.9	94%	8.2 ± 1.0	98%
Prevotella	8.3 ± 1.7	80%	8.9 ± 1.3	88%	8.9 ± 1.4	74%	8.8 ± 1.2	80%	9.1 ± 1.5	83%	9.1 ± 1.1	78%
Actinomycetota
Atopobium cluster	8.7 ± 1.2	94%	8.9 ± 0.8	96%	8.8 ± 0.9	96%	9.1 ± 0.8	100%	8.9 ± 0.8	98%	8.8 ± 0.8	100%
Bifidobacterium	8.1 ± 1.1	81%	8.0 ± 1.1	94%	8.2 ± 1.1	90%	8.3 ± 1.1	98%	8.5 ± 1.1a	94%	8.1 ± 0.9	98%
Pseudomonadota
Enterobacteriaceae	7.7 ± 1.4	89%	8.2 ± 1.0	96%	8.2 ± 0.9	94%	7.7 ± 1.2	100%	8.1 ± 1.0	96%	8.0 ± 1.0	98%
Pseudomonas	4.3 ± 1.0	30%	3.9 ± 0.9	50%	4.1 ± 0.7	76%	3.8 ± 0.7	27%	3.9 ± 0.9	42%	4.0 ± 0.5	78%

^aP < 0.05 vs placebo.

^bP < 0.01 vs placebo.

^cP < 0.10 vs placebo.

¹Total lactobacilli refers to the sum of bacteria denoted by the bacterial groups.

²The bacterial groups (e.g., Lactobacillus, Levilactobacillus brevis, etc.).

The results are expressed as mean ± SD (log₁₀ cells/g of feces) and detection rate (%).