Preoperative prediction of textbook outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by interpretable machine learning: A multicenter cohort study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i11.100911

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Gastroenterol. Mar 21, 2025; 31(11): 100911
Published online Mar 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i11.100911

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in training group, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 287)	Textbook outcome (n = 150)	None-textbook outcome (n = 137)	P value
Age, M (Q₁, Q₃)	56.00 (48.00, 63.00)	55.00 (47.00, 62.00)	59.00 (49.00, 63.00)	0.118
Sex				0.011
Male	189 (65.85)	109 (72.67)	80 (58.39)
Female	98 (34.15)	41 (27.33)	57 (41.61)
Hepatitis B				0.002
Negative	179 (62.37)	81 (54.00)	98 (71.53)
Positive	108 (37.63)	69 (46.00)	39 (28.47)
ECOG score				0.026
0	85 (29.62)	53 (35.33)	32 (23.36)
1	202 (70.38)	97 (64.67)	105 (76.64)
Child Pugh				0.005
A	175 (60.98)	80 (53.33)	95 (69.34)
B	112 (39.02)	70 (46.67)	42 (30.66)
Tumor size, M (Q₁, Q₃)	6.40 (4.65, 8.90)	6.10 (4.30, 8.40)	7.00 (5.00, 9.20)	0.098
Tumor number				0.870
Solitary	192 (66.90)	101 (67.33)	91 (66.42)
Multiple	95 (33.10)	49 (32.67)	46 (33.58)
TBIL, M (Q₁, Q₃)	20.00 (12.95, 31.90)	22.90 (14.50, 32.90)	17.10 (11.20, 28.10)	0.013
DBIL, M (Q₁, Q₃)	7.90 (4.60, 14.75)	8.85 (5.30, 15.45)	7.30 (3.50, 14.40)	0.012
CA19-9, M (Q₁, Q₃)	17.30 (8.95, 34.20)	20.90 (13.90, 33.55)	11.50 (3.90, 37.30)	< 0.001
AFP, M (Q₁, Q₃)	12.70 (3.30, 171.50)	29.10 (3.62, 314.50)	7.40 (3.20, 78.20)	0.065
CEA, M (Q₁, Q₃)	2.60 (1.60, 4.10)	2.45 (1.50, 4.00)	2.60 (1.60, 4.60)	0.219
Blood transfusion				< 0.001
No	247 (86.06)	150 (100.00)	97 (70.80)
Yes	40 (13.94)	0 (0.00)	40 (29.20)
Surgical margins				< 0.001
Negative	276 (96.17)	150 (100.00)	126 (91.97)
Positive	11 (3.83)	0 (0.00)	11 (8.03)
Complications				< 0.001
No	227 (79.09)	150 (100.00)	77 (56.20)
Yes	60 (20.91)	0 (0.00)	60 (43.80)
Perioperative death or readmission within 30 days after discharge				0.008
No	279 (97.21)	150 (100.00)	129 (94.16)
Yes	8 (2.79)	0 (0.00)	8 (5.84)
Prolonged hospitalization				< 0.001
No	187 (65.16)	150 (100.00)	37 (27.01)
Yes	100 (34.84)	0 (0.00)	100 (72.99)

M: Median; Q₁: 1^st quartile, Q₃: 3^st quartile; ECOG score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Citation: Huang TF, Luo C, Guo LB, Liu HZ, Li JT, Lin QZ, Fan RL, Zhou WP, Li JD, Lin KC, Tang SC, Zeng YY. Preoperative prediction of textbook outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by interpretable machine learning: A multicenter cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(11): 100911
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i11/100911.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i11.100911