Lactococcus garvieae aggravates cholestatic liver disease by increasing intestinal permeability and enhancing bile acid reabsorption

Figure 4 Lactococcus garvieae aggravates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. A: Representative images of liver sections stained with sirius red (original magnification 200 ×; scale bars, 100 µm); B and C: Α-SMA, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A2, TGFβ, TNFα, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20, and P16 mRNA levels in the livers of each group. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD; ^aP < 0.05 vs phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group; ^bP < 0.01 vs PBS group; ^cP < 0.05 vs 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) + PBS group; ^dP < 0.01 vs DDC + PBS group; DDC: 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; L. garv: Lactococcus garvieae; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.