Lactococcus garvieae aggravates cholestatic liver disease by increasing intestinal permeability and enhancing bile acid reabsorption

Figure 3 Lactococcus garvieae aggravates the impairment of intestinal barrier integrity. A: Representative images of ileum sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (original magnification 200 ×; scale bars, 50 µm); B: Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA levels in the ileum of each group; C: Occludin and ZO-1 protein expressions detected using immunofluorescence; D: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β mRNA levels in the ileum of each group. All values are shown as mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05 vs phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group; ^bP < 0.01 vs PBS group; ^cP < 0.05 vs 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) + PBS group; ^dP < 0.01 vs DDC + PBS group; DDC: 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; L. garv: Lactococcus garvieae; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.