Prospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2024; 30(9): 1177-1188
Published online Mar 7, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1177
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients according to the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure during 28-d follow-up, n (%)
Variable
No ACLF during1 Follow-up (n = 340)
ACLF during
Follow-up (n = 36)
P value
Multivariate logistic regression
RR (95%CI)
P value
Age (yr)51 ± 1251 ± 120.959
Sex, female120 (35%)8 (22%)0.115
Etiology
        HBV204 (60%)27 (75%)0.079
        HCV28 (8%)1 (3%)0.402
        Alcohol54 (16%)5 (14%)0.755
        Autoimmune48 (14%)3 (8%)0.479
        Others29 (9%)3 (8%)0.968
Bacterial infection105 (31%)21 (58%)0.001
UGIB71 (21%)4 (11%)0.240
Ascites240 (71%)33 (92%)0.0120.057
HE (I-II/III-IV)25/60/00.167
WBC (×109/L)4.5 (3.0-6.1)6.3 (4.8-8.1)< 0.0010.991
Hb (g/L)108 (87-124)116 (102-126)0.165
Platelets (×109/L)69 (47-111)63 (45-91)0.247
Albumin (g/L)30 (27-34)30 (26-33)0.744
ALT (U/L)46 (26-118)132 (67-321)< 0.0010.236
AST (U/L)63 (38-136)183 (107-326)< 0.0011.971 (1.228-3.163)0.005
TBil (mg/dL)3.1 (1.4-8.9)16.1 (10.0-26.8)< 0.0013.151 (1.717-5.782)< 0.001
INR1.4 (1.2-1.7)1.9 (1.6-2.2)< 0.00113.841 (2.021-94.767)0.007
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.7 (0.6-0.9)0.8 (0.6-1.0)0.2970.929
BUN (mmol/L)4.6 (3.5-6.7)5.6 (3.5-8.2)0.2193.302 (1.352-8.067)0.009
Sodium (mmol/L)138 (135-140)136 (132-139)0.0160.962
CRP (mg/L)3.2 (1.6-4.0)3.7 (3.3-4.1)0.0060.339
PCT (μg/L)0.1 (0.1-0.3)0.4 (0.2-0.6)< 0.0010.709
sCD14-ST (mg/L)1.2 (1.0-1.5)1.2 (1.0-1.6)0.226
sTREM-1 (μg/L)0.8 (0.6-1.0)1.2 (1.0-1.3)< 0.0013.023 (1.053-8.677)0.040
Organ failure
        Liver58 (17%)21 (58%)< 0.001
        Coagulation5 (2%)5 (14%)< 0.001
        Cerebral6 (2%)0 (0%)1.000
        Lung0 (0%)0 (0%)1.000
        Circulation1 (0%)0 (0%)1.000
        Kidney0 (0%)0 (0%)1.000
MELD11 ± 720 ± 5< 0.001
MELD-Na12 (7-18)24 (20-29)< 0.001
CLIF-C ACLF33 (28-38)39 (35-42)< 0.001
CLIF-C AD44 ± 853 ± 8< 0.001
P-AD2.6 (2.1-3.3)4.1 (3.5-4.5)< 0.001
ACLF-R6.6 (5.0-8.4)10.5 (9.7-11.3)< 0.001
1No liver transplantation and acute-on-chronic liver failure score development during 28-d follow-up.
The data are expressed as mean ± SD, medians (interquartile range) or number of patients (%). Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.
ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure score; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; TBil: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; sCD14-ST: Soluble CD14 subtype; sTREM-1: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease -sodium; CLIF-C ACLF: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute-on-chronic liver failure score score. CLIF-C AD: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute decompensation score; P-AD: Prognostic model of acute decompensation; ACLF-R: Acute-on-chronic liver failure score risk score; RR: Relative risk.