sTREM-1 as promising prognostic biomarker for acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients from study cohort according to 365-d survival, n (%)

Variable	Survivors1 (n = 220)	Non-survivors (n = 78)	P value	Multivariate Cox regression
				HR (95%CI)	P value
Age (yr)	51 ± 12	52 ± 11	0.692
Sex, female	68 (31)	23 (30)	0.815
Etiology
HBV	149 (68)	48 (62)	0.321
HCV	17 (8)	3 (4)	0.239
Alcohol	30 (14)	15 (19)	0.236
Autoimmune	27 (12)	10 (13)	0.900
Others	15 (7)	10 (13)	0.100
ACLF	12 (6)	28 (36)	< 0.001
Bacterial infection	64 (29)	40 (51)	< 0.001
UGIB	40 (18)	16 (21)	0.651
Ascites	160 (73)	64 (82)	0.101
HE (I-II/III-IV)	18/3	12/6	0.003	1.669 (1.094-2.546)	0.017
WBC (×109/L)	4.6 (3.1-6.0)	6.4 (4.4-9.4)	< 0.001		0.627
Hb (g/L)	111 (87-126)	106 (80-124)	0.132
Platelets (×109/L)	71 (45-113)	60 (45-102)	0.226
Albumin (g/L)	30 (27-34)	29 (24-33)	0.030		0.213
ALT (U/L)	46 (27-120)	77 (35-296)	0.021		0.581
AST (U/L)	64 (38-138)	107 (62-258)	0.001		0.123
TBil (mg/dL)	3.0 (1.3-9.8)	11.7 (4.5-25.9)	< 0.001	1.333 (1.053-1.688)	0.017
INR	1.4 (1.2-1.7)	1.9 (1.5-2.6)	< 0.001	8.546 (3.850-18.968)	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.6-0.9)	0.8 (0.6-1.1)	0.112
BUN (mmol/L)	4.7 (3.5-6.7)	6.0 (3.8-10.2)	0.003	2.065 (1.345-3.171)	0.001
Sodium (mmol/L)	138 (135-140)	135 (130-138)	< 0.001		0.529
CRP (mg/L)	3.2 (1.9-4.0)	3.9 (3.4-4.3)	< 0.001		0.070
PCT (μg/L)	0.1 (0.1-0.3)	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	< 0.001		0.403
sCD14-ST (mg/L)	1.2 (1.0-1.5)	1.3 (1.0-1.6)	0.170
sTREM-1 (μg/L)	0.8 (0.6-1.1)	1.2 (0.9-1.6)	< 0.001	2.163 (1.295-3.614)	0.003
Organ failure
Liver	43 (20)	39 (50)	< 0.001
Coagulation	6 (3)	20 (26)	< 0.001
Cerebral	3 (1)	6 (8)	0.015
Lung	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Circulation	2 (1)	0 (0)	1.000
Kidney	3 (1)	6 (8)	0.015
MELD	11 (6-17)	22 (11-26)	< 0.001
MELD-Na	11 (7-19)	24 (17-30)	< 0.001
CLIF-C ACLF	33 ± 7	40 ± 9	< 0.001
CLIF-C AD	44 ± 9	55 ± 12	< 0.001
P-AD	2.6 (2.1-3.4)	4.4 (3.2-5.1)	< 0.001

¹Transplanted-free survivors.

The data are expressed as mean ± SD, medians (interquartile range) or number of patients (%). Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and χ² test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.

ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; TBil: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; sCD14-ST: Soluble CD14 subtype; sTREM-1: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium; CLIF-C ACLF: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute-on-chronic liver failure score; CLIF-C AD: Chronic liver failure-consortium acute decompensation score; P-AD: Prognostic model of acute decompensation; HR: Hazard ratio.