Guidelines
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
Published online Mar 7, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018
Table 3 Risk factors for hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Established
Less established
Potential (inconclusive data)
PSCIBD likely via PSCObesity
Choledochal cystsCirrhosisTobacco smoking
Parasitic infectionsHepatitis B and C virusesGenetic polymorphisms
HepatolithiasisDiabetes
CholedocholithiasisHeavy alcohol use
Toxins (Thorotrast contrast agent)IgG4 related cholangitis
Abnormal junction between the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
Helicobacter bilis
Chronic typhoid infection

  • Citation: Dar FS, Abbas Z, Ahmed I, Atique M, Aujla UI, Azeemuddin M, Aziz Z, Bhatti ABH, Bangash TA, Butt AS, Butt OT, Dogar AW, Farooqi JI, Hanif F, Haider J, Haider S, Hassan SM, Jabbar AA, Khan AN, Khan MS, Khan MY, Latif A, Luck NH, Malik AK, Rashid K, Rashid S, Salih M, Saeed A, Salamat A, Tayyab GUN, Yusuf A, Zia HH, Naveed A. National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
  • URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i9/1018.htm
  • DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018