National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

doi:10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
Published online Mar 7, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018

Table 3 Risk factors for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Established	Less established	Potential (inconclusive data)
PSC	IBD likely via PSC	Obesity
Choledochal cysts	Cirrhosis	Tobacco smoking
Parasitic infections	Hepatitis B and C viruses	Genetic polymorphisms
Hepatolithiasis	Diabetes
Choledocholithiasis	Heavy alcohol use
Toxins (Thorotrast contrast agent)	IgG4 related cholangitis
	Abnormal junction between the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
	Helicobacter bilis
	Chronic typhoid infection

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Citation: Dar FS, Abbas Z, Ahmed I, Atique M, Aujla UI, Azeemuddin M, Aziz Z, Bhatti ABH, Bangash TA, Butt AS, Butt OT, Dogar AW, Farooqi JI, Hanif F, Haider J, Haider S, Hassan SM, Jabbar AA, Khan AN, Khan MS, Khan MY, Latif A, Luck NH, Malik AK, Rashid K, Rashid S, Salih M, Saeed A, Salamat A, Tayyab GUN, Yusuf A, Zia HH, Naveed A. National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i9/1018.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018