Copyright
©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
Published online Mar 7, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018
Published online Mar 7, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018
Table 1 Level of evidence based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (adapted from the Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence)
Level | Criteria | Simple model for high, intermediate, and low evidence |
1 | SR (with homogeneity) of RCT | Further research is unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of benefit and risk |
2 | RCT or observational studies with dramatic effects; SR of lower quality studies (i.e. non-randomised, retrospective) | |
3 | Non-randomised controlled cohort/follow-up study/control arm of randomised trial (SR is generally better than an individual study) | Further research (if performed) is likely to have an impact on our confidence in the estimate of benefit and risk and may change the estimate |
4 | Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies (SR is generally better than an individual study) | |
5 | Expert opinion (mechanism-based reasoning) | Any estimate of effect is uncertain |
- Citation: Dar FS, Abbas Z, Ahmed I, Atique M, Aujla UI, Azeemuddin M, Aziz Z, Bhatti ABH, Bangash TA, Butt AS, Butt OT, Dogar AW, Farooqi JI, Hanif F, Haider J, Haider S, Hassan SM, Jabbar AA, Khan AN, Khan MS, Khan MY, Latif A, Luck NH, Malik AK, Rashid K, Rashid S, Salih M, Saeed A, Salamat A, Tayyab GUN, Yusuf A, Zia HH, Naveed A. National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30(9): 1018-1042
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i9/1018.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018