Mitochondrial dysfunction affects hepatic immune and metabolic remodeling in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Figure 6 Generalized macrophages activation showed a classically activated phenotype in the liver of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. A: Representative microscopic images of double immunofluorescence staining of CD68 and HLA-DR in the liver (400 fold). The red fluorescence signal represented CD68; the green fluorescence signal represented HLA-DR; and the blue fluorescence signal represented DAPI; B: Representative microscopic images of the double immunofluorescence staining of CD206 and CD163 in the liver (400 fold). The red fluorescence signal represented CD206; the green fluorescence signal represented CD163; and the blue fluorescence signal represented DAPI; C: The mean number of CD68⁺ HLA-DR⁺-positive cells in five × 200 fields; D: The mean number of CD206⁺ CD163⁺-positive cells in five × 200 fields; E: The ratio of CD68⁺ HLA-DR⁺/CD206⁺ CD163⁺-positive cells in healthy donors and patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure; F: The levels of macrophage-derived cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β1) in liver homogenates. Data with normal distribution were compared using unpaired student’s t-test, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for non-normal data. ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; HD: Healthy donor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor.