Mitochondrial dysfunction affects hepatic immune and metabolic remodeling in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Figure 3 Mitochondrial morphology and function in the liver of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. A: Representative electron microscopy images of hepatic mitochondria from 3 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and 3 healthy donors (HDs). Orange arrows indicate autophagosome; the blue arrow indicates autophagic lysosome; B: Length, width, and area of each mitochondrion; C: Number of mitochondria at original magnification of 7000 ; D: Growth differentiation factor 15 levels in liver homogenates of 12 HDs and 17 patients with ACLF; E: Fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in liver homogenates. Data with normal distribution were compared using unpaired student’s t-test, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for non-normal data. ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; HD: Healthy donor; GDF15: Growth differentiation factor 15; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21.