Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in community households in Lanzhou city

Table 2 Household Helicobacter pylori infection status and risk factors, n (%)

Variables	Infected household (147)1	Uninfected household (44)2	Crude OR	95%CI	aP value		Adjusted OR	95%CI	bP value
Family structure3
Couple's family	43 (75.4)	14 (24.6)	Reference
Nuclear family	22 (78.6)	6 (21.4)	1.19	0.40-3.54	0.749
Immediate family	26 (81.3)	6 (18.8)	1.41	0.48-4.13	0.530
United States families	16 (88.8)	2 (11.1)	2.61	0.53-12.76	0.238
Others	40 (71.4)	16 (28.6)	0.81	0.35-1.88	0.630
Family size
2	69 (73.4)	25 (26.6)	Reference
3	49 (76.6)	15 (23.4)	0.38	0.12-1.19	0.097
Four and above	29 (87.9)	4 (12.1)	0.45	0.14-1.49	0.191
Household income (renminbi)
< 10000	41 (80.4)	10 (19.6)	Reference
10000-30000	49 (76.6)	15 (23.4)	0.80	0.32-1.96	0.621
> 30000	57 (75.0)	19 (25.0)	0.73	0.31-1.74	0.479
Annual household living area (m2)
≤ 30	29 (96.7)	1 (3.3)	Reference				Reference
30-60	61 (72.6)	23 (27.4)	0.09	0.01-0.71	0.022		0.09	0.01-0.71	0.022
≥ 60	57 (74.0)	20 (26.0)	0.10	0.01-0.77	0.027		0.10	0.01-0.77	0.027
Household hygiene
Good	100 (76.3)	31 (23.7)	Reference
Fair or poor	47 (78.3)	13 (21.7)	1.12	0.54-2.34	0.761
Eating habits
Individual dining	8 (80.0)	2 (20.0)	Reference
Dish sharing	83 (73.5)	30 (26.5)	0.69	0.14-3.44	0.653
Both of the above	56 (82.4)	12 (17.6)	1.17	0.22-6.20	0.856
Use cleaning agents or detergent to clean tableware
Frequently	39 (79.6)	10 (20.4)	Reference
Everyday	108 (76.1)	34 (23.9)	0.81	0.37-1.80	0.613
Sharing drinking cup
Rarely	111 (76.0)	35 (24.0)	Reference
Frequently	36 (80.0)	9 (20.0)	1.26	0.55-2.87	0.581
Sharing dental equipment
Rarely	135 (77.1)	40 (22.9)	Reference
Frequently	12 (75.0)	4 (25.0)	0.89	0.27-2.91	0.846
Sharing towels
Rarely	130 (76.5)	40 (23.5)	Reference
Frequently	17 (81.0)	4 (19.0)	1.31	0.42-4.11	0.646
Sharing tableware
Rarely	69 (73.4)	25 (26.6)	Reference
Frequently	78 (80.4)	19 (19.6)	1.49	0.75-2.93	0.252
Source of drinking water
Tap water	73 (73.7)	26 (26.3)	Reference
Purified water	74 (80.4)	18 (19.6)	1.46	0.74-2.90	0.273
Storage methods for leftover food
Put it in the fridge	120 (76.9)	36 (23.1)	Reference
Room temperature	17 (81.0)	4 (19.0)	1.28	0.40-4.03	0.679
Throw away	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)	0.75	0.22-2.54	0.643

^aP value was calculated by univariate logistic regression, P < 0.05 indicates that infection risk increased/decreased significantly compared with the reference groups.

^bP value was calculated by multivariate logistic regression and was adjusted with items of P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression.

¹Infected household is defined as a household with at least one Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected family member.

²Uninfected household is defined as a household without any H. pylori-infected family member.

³Family structure refers to the relationships between the family members who make up the family. The couple's family is composed of only two individuals: A husband and a wife. The nuclear family is a family composed of parents and unmarried children. Immediate family is a family consisting of two or more generations of married couples, with no more than one couple per generation and no intergenerational gap between them. A United States family refers to a family in which any generation contains two or more couples. Others include single-parent families, intergenerational families, cohabiting families, homosexual families, and single families.

OR: Odds ratio; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.