Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associated with submucosal invasion in patients with early-stage gastric cancer

Table 2 Univariate analysis of clinical and endoscopic characteristics between patients with submucosal and mucosal gastric cancer, n (%)

Characteristic	Submucosal invasion (n = 71)	Mucosal invasion (n = 197)	χ² (t, Z) value	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Demographics and medical history
Male	61 (85.9)	138 (70.1)	χ² = 1.509	0.122	1.90 (0.70-5.75)	0.228
Age ≥ 60 years	52 (73.2)	140 (71.1)	χ² = 0.251	0.615	0.85 (0.31-2.75)	0.634
Age (years)	62.9 ± 10.5	64.3 ± 10.2	t = 1.132	0.272	0.94 (0.91-1.23)	0.352
Alcohol history	43 (60.6)	100 (50.8)	χ² = 4.738	< 0.05	2.25 (1.25-5.94)	< 0.05
Smoking history	45 (63.4)	107 (54.3)	χ² = 4.342	< 0.05	2.56 (1.15-6.44)	< 0.05
Family history of gastric cancer	10 (14.1)	27 (13.7)	χ² = 0.314	0.532	0.63 (0.33-1.97)	0.517
Clinical and imaging findings
Anemia	4 (5.6)	8 (4.1)	χ² = 0.342	0.643	2.55 (0.45-11.82)	0.275
Positive fecal occult blood test	16 (22.5)	44 (22.3)	χ² = 0.692	0.548	0.58 (0.28-1.23)	0.462
Elevated CEA	4 (5.6)	15 (7.6)	χ² = 0.012	0.913	1.39 (0.63-6.34)	0.649
CT showing gastric wall thickening	42 (59.2)	69 (35.0)	χ² = 6.784	< 0.05	3.10 (1.40-7.25)	0.026
CT showing lymph node enlargement	16 (22.5)	18 (9.1)	χ² = 2.954	0.107	3.21 (0.85-8.96)	0.109
Endoscopic characteristics
Tumor location: Upper third	51 (71.8)	36 (18.3)	χ² = 28.231	< 0.01	18.25 (6.41-56.16)	< 0.001
Middle third	10 (14.1)	31 (15.7)
Lower third of the stomach	10 (14.1)	130 (66.0)
Gross type: Elevated type	17 (23.9)	127 (47.4)	χ² = 18.400	< 0.001	5.50 (2.19-14.32)	< 0.01
Flat type	14 (19.7)	37 (18.8)
Depressed type	40 (56.3)	33 (16.8)
Lesion diameter ≥ 20 mm	16 (22.5)	44 (22.3)	χ² = 3.741	0.052	2.46 (0.96-5.82)	0.072
Lesion diameter (mm)	20 (12, 32)	15 (13, 21)	Z = 1.742	0.071	1.13 (0.97-1.15)	0.089
Spontaneous bleeding	6 (8.5)	21 (10.7)	χ² = 0.274	0.795	1.53 (0.54-4.69)	0.579
Central depression	9 (12.7)	33 (16.8)	χ² = 0.894	0.324	1.67 (0.64-4.86)	0.371
Gastric wall rigidity	8 (11.3)	12 (6.1)	χ² = 0.505	0.493	2.63 (0.89-30.25)	0.517
Marginal elevation	26 (36.6)	28 (14.2)	χ² = 10.646	0.002	4.10 (1.58-9.65)	0.006
Fold changes	12 (16.9)	16 (8.1)	χ² = 3.774	0.081	11.83 (3.25-35.61)	0.018
Presence of ulcer	12 (16.9)	48 (24.3)	χ² = 2.773	0.103	1.75 (0.78-4.03)	0.254
Surface roughness	44 (62.0)	126 (64.0)	χ² = 1.222	0.243	1.58 (0.70-4.15)	0.302
WLE color difference ≥ 12.6	30 (42.3)	82 (41.6)	χ² = 9.500	< 0.01	5.00 (1.66-12.77)	< 0.01
WLE color difference	18.1 (12.6, 20.3)	13.2 (9.8, 22.1)	Z = 3.630	< 0.01	1.40 (1.14-1.58)	< 0.01
LCI color difference ≥ 18.1	51 (71.8)	95 (48.2)	χ² = 11.731	< 0.01	4.27 (1.82-10.11)	< 0.01
LCI color difference	26.8 (19.1, 34.2)	18.6 (14.1, 23.1)	Z = 3.226	< 0.01	1.13 (0.96-1.06)	< 0.01

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CT: Computed tomography; WLE: White-light endoscopy; LCI: Linked color imaging; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.