Establishment of a chronic biliary disease mouse model with cholecystoduodenal anastomosis for intestinal microbiome preservation

Figure 7 Serum proinflammatory cytokine levels in cholecystoduodenal anastomosis and control mice. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the serum of each mouse after injection of saline or harmful bacteria (E. coli + Ent1: 6 × 10⁸ and E. coli + Ent2: 3 × 10⁹). A: IL-6; B: IL-1β; C: TNF-α. Values are represented as the mean ± SD. E. coli: Escherichia coli; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin.