Establishment of a chronic biliary disease mouse model with cholecystoduodenal anastomosis for intestinal microbiome preservation

Figure 6 mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines in cholecystoduodenal anastomosis and control mice. Mixture of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus (E. coli + Ent1: 6 × 10⁸ and E. coli + Ent2: 3 × 10⁹) was orally administered to cholecystoduodenal anastomosis mice for 2 weeks. A: Injection schedule of bacteria; B-G: TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels in the liver, duodenum, and ileum of each group after injection of saline or harmful bacteria. Values are normalized to GAPDH levels and represented as the mean ± SD. ^aP < 0.05 vs corresponding controls. E. coli: Escherichia coli; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin.