Bidirectional associations among gallstone disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney stone disease

Table 2 Pooled results for meta-analyses assessing the bidirectional associations among gallstone disease, kidney stone disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Type of groups	Sample size	Pooled OR (95%CI)	I2 (%)	P for Begg’s test	P for Egger’s test	No. of filled data	Trim and fill adjusted pooled OR (95%CI)	Number of studies
KSD-GSD
Overall	363960	1.44 (1.14-1.81)	94.4	1.000	0.741	0	1.44 (1.14-1.81)	5
Subgroups
Geographic background
America	245690	1.32 (1.15-1.52)	82.7	0.296	0.276	0	1.32 (1.15-1.52)	3
Asia	118270	1.71 (0.97-3.02)	37.2	1.000	NA	0	1.71 (0.97-3.02)	2
Type of GSD
KSD-cholecystectomy	97185	1.17 (1.06-1.29)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.17 (1.06-1.29)	1
KSD-gallstones	118270	1.71 (0.97-3.02)	37.2	1.000	NA	0	1.71 (0.97-3.02)	2
Study design						0
Cross-sectional study	195	0.94 (0.30-2.97)	NA	NA	NA	0	0.94 (0.30-2.97)	1
Cohort study	363765	1.46 (1.15-1.85)	95.7	1.000	0.383	0	1.46 (1.15-1.85)	4
Study quality
Moderate	195	0.94 (0.30-2.97)	NA	NA	NA	0	0.94 (0.30-2.97)	1
High	363765	1.46 (1.15-1.85)	95.7	1.000	0.383	0	1.46 (1.15-1.85)	4
GSD-KSD
Overall	496094	1.50 (1.32-1.71)	84.7	1.000	0.210	0	1.50 (1.32-1.71)	7
Subgroups
Geographic background
America	266252	1.34 (1.24-1.45)	0.0	0.462	0.847	0	1.34 (1.24-1.45)	5
Asia	229842	1.79 (1.56-2.05)	82.4	1.000	NA	0	1.79 (1.56-2.05)	2
Type of GSD
Cholecystectomy-KSD	95537	1.26 (1.10-1.45)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.26 (1.10-1.45)	1
Gallstones-KSD	229842	1.79 (1.56-2.05)	82.4	1.000	NA	0	1.79 (1.56-2.05)	2
Study design
Cross-sectional study	12161	1.54 (1.31-1.81)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.54 (1.31-1.81)	1
Cohort study	483933	1.49 (1.28-1.73)	87.1	1.000	0.269	0	1.49 (1.28-1.73)	6
Study quality
Moderate	12161	1.54 (1.31-1.81)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.54 (1.31-1.81)	1
High	483933	1.49 (1.28-1.73)	87.1	1.000	0.269	0	1.49 (1.28-1.73)	6
NAFLD-GSD
Overall	352255	1.38 (1.25-1.54)	56.3	0.005	0.014	3	1.26 (1.12-1.41)	11
Subgroups
Geographic background
Asia	351249	1.35 (1.21-1.51)	57.8	0.009	0.057	2	1.26 (1.11-1.43)	9
Europe	1006	1.60 (1.24-2.06)	1.9	1.000	NA	0	1.60 (1.24-2.06)	2
Type of GSD
NAFLD-cholecystectomy	283446	1.10 (0.96-1.26)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.10 (0.96-1.26)	1
NAFLD-gallstones	326887	1.43 (1.22-1.67)	67.3	0.060	0.083	0	1.43 (1.22-1.67)	6
Study design
Cross-sectional study	56313	1.49 (1.26-1.76)	62.0	0.035	0.017	2	1.27 (1.06-1.52)	8
Cohort study	295942	1.25 (1.18-1.34)	0.0	0.296	0.517	0	1.25 (1.18-1.34)	3
Study quality
Moderate	57609	1.47 (1.27-1.69)	56.9	0.029	0.012	2	1.32 (1.12-1.55)	9
High	294646	1.24 (1.16-1.32)	0.0	1.000	NA	0	1.24 (1.16-1.32)	2
GSD-NAFLD
Overall	474151	1.29 (1.14-1.47)	66.7	0.230	0.060	0	1.29 (1.14-1.47)	7
Subgroups
Geographic background
America	12232	1.56 (1.27-1.91)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.56 (1.27-1.91)	1
Asia	457130	1.19 (1.07-1.33)	54.5	0.089	0.060	0	1.19 (1.07-1.33)	4
Europe	4789	1.39 (0.82-2.35)	58.7	1.000	NA	0	1.39 (0.82-2.35)	2
Type of GSD
Cholecystectomy-NAFLD	252772	1.37 (1.00-1.87)	86.0	0.308	0.590	0	1.37 (1.00-1.87)	4
Gallstones-NAFLD	248690	1.15 (1.08-1.22)	0.0	0.296	0.681	0	1.15 (1.08-1.22)	3
Study design
Cross-sectional study	34869	1.46 (1.17-1.83)	0.589	0.462	0.392	0	1.46 (1.17-1.83)	5
Cohort study	439282	1.15 (1.08-1.22)	0.0	1.000	NA	0	1.15 (1.08-1.22)	2
Study quality
Moderate	34869	1.46 (1.17-1.83)	0.589	0.462	0.392	0	1.46 (1.17-1.83)	5
High	439282	1.29 (1.14-1.47)	0.0	1.000	NA	0	1.29 (1.14-1.47)	2
NAFLD-KSD
Overall	439933	1.37 (1.04-1.81)	86.1	0.099	0.354	0	1.37 (1.04-1.81)	7
Subgroups
Geographic background
America	11859	1.29 (1.02-1.63)	NA	NA	NA	0	1.29 (1.02-1.63)	1
Asia	428074	1.41 (1.00-1.99)	88.3	0.133	0.429	0	1.41 (1.00-1.99)	6
Study type
Cross-sectional study	22777	1.64 (0.94-2.88)	88.2	0.221	0.548	0	1.64 (0.94-2.88)	5
Cohort study	417156	1.08 (0.90-1.30)	68.4	1.000	NA	0	1.08 (0.90-1.30)	2
Study quality
Moderate	22777	1.64 (0.94-2.88)	88.2	0.221	0.548	0	1.64 (0.94-2.88)	5
High	417156	1.08 (0.90-1.30)	68.4	1.000	NA	0	1.08 (0.90-1.30)	2

GSD: Gallstone disease; KSD: Kidney stone disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OR: Odds ratio.