Bidirectional associations among gallstone disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, kidney stone disease

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics distribution of the included subjects, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristics	Beijing	Chongqing-Urban area	Chongqing-Rural area	Tianjin
	n = 81158	n = 170038	n = 372289	n = 10940
Age (year)	43.88 ± 13.97	41.79 ± 13.45	43.97 ± 13.14	43.47 ± 13.63
Sex
Male	48041 (59.2)	93071 (54.7)	198769 (53.4)	4814 (44.0)
Female	33117 (40.8)	76967 (45.3)	173520 (46.6)	6126 (56.0)
BMI (kg/m2)
≤ 18.5	1733 (2.1)	8465 (5.0)	12602 (3.4)
18.5-24.0	27211 (33.5)	81859 (48.1)	168766 (45.3)
24.0-28.0	29881 (36.8)	48026 (28.2)	129141 (34.7)
≥ 28.0	15310 (18.9)	12221 (7.2)	40787 (11.0)
Missing	7023 (8.7)	19467 (11.4)	20993 (5.6)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Yes	29415 (36.2)	42957 (25.3)	100830 (27.1)	3454 (31.6)
No	51211 (63.1)	127080 (74.7)	271350 (72.9)	7486 (68.4)
Missing	532 (0.7)	1 (0.0)	109 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Kidney stone disease
Yes	2749 (3.4)	6957 (4.1)	11672 (3.1)	255 (2.3)
No	77935 (96.0)	163081 (95.9)	360508 (96.9)	10685 (97.7)
Missing	474 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	109 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Gallstone disease
Yes	4333 (5.3)	12518 (7.4)	32367 (8.7)	507 (4.6)
No	76438 (94.1)	157520 (92.6)	339813 (91.3)	10433 (95.4)
Missing	477 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	109 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Gallstones
Yes	3120 (3.8)	6173 (3.6)	14598 (3.9)	361 (3.3)
No	77817 (95.9)	163865 (96.4)	357582 (96.1)	10579 (96.7)
Missing	221 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	109 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Cholecystectomy
Yes	1213 (1.5)	6345 (3.7)	17769 (4.8)	146 (1.3)
No	79468 (97.9)	163693 (96.3)	354411 (95.2)	10794 (98.7)
Missing	477 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	109 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Hypertension
Yes	21194 (26.1)	31608 (18.6)	256137 (68.8)	2838 (25.9)
No	57783 (71.2)	120006 (70.6)	71490 (19.2)	7486 (68.4)
Missing	2181 (2.7)	18424 (10.8)	44662 (12.0)	616 (5.6)
HDL-C (mmol/L)
≤ 0.89	402 (0.5)	6423 (3.8)	11177 (3.0)
0.90-2.00	53344 (65.7)	144041 (84.7)	308084 (82.8)
≥ 2.01	24685 (30.4)	8654 (5.1)	15490 (4.2)
Missing	2727 (3.4)	10920 (6.4)	37538 (10.0)
GLU (mmol/L)
≤ 6.09	66804 (82.3)	142049 (83.5)	307884 (82.7)	9101 (83.2)
6.10-7.09	4551 (5.6)	9344 (5.5)	29550 (7.9)	1022 (9.3)
≥ 7.10	7539 (9.3)	8680 (5.1)	20822 (5.6)	718 (6.6)
Missing	2264 (2.8)	9965 (5.9)	14033 (3.8)	99 (0.9)
TC (mmol/L)1
Lower	402 (0.5)	556 (0.3)	3346 (0.9)	10 (0.1)
Normal	53344 (65.7)	106310 (62.5)	273989 (73.6)	5145 (47.0)
Higher	24685 (30.4)	54298 (31.9)	75048 (20.2)	5686 (52.0)
Missing	2727(3.4)	8874 (5.2)	19906 (5.3)	99 (0.9)
TG (mmol/L)1
Lower	398 (0.5)	172 (0.1)	460 (0.1)	10 (0.1)
Normal	56178 (69.2)	113472 (66.8)	238867 (64.2)	8870 (81.1)
Higher	21854 (26.9)	47520 (27.9)	113047 (30.4)	1961 (17.9)
Missing	2728 (3.4)	8874 (5.2)	19915 (5.3)	99 (0.9)
ALT (u/L)1
Low	69977 (86.2)	137996 (81.2)	31304 (84.1)	9365 (85.6)
High	8965 (11.0)	24353 (14.3)	48992 (13.2)	1475 (13.5)
Missing	2216 (2.7)	7689 (4.5)	10250 (2.8)	100 (0.9)
UA (u/L)1
Low	61613 (75.9)	93931 (55.2)	272306 (73.1)	9500 (86.8)
High	16672 (20.6)	67150 (39.5)	55310 (14.9)	1341 (12.3)
Missing	2873 (3.5)	8957 (5.3)	44673 (12.0)	99 (0.9)

¹The characteristics with different criterion.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; GLU: Glucose; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; KSD: Kidney stone disease; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; UA: Uric acid.