Esophageal melanosis: Two case reports and review of literature

Table 1 Review of published cases of clinical and pathological characteristics of esophageal melanosis

Ref.	Age	Sex	Esophagus location	Exact location of the lesion	Country	Associated clinical diagnosis	Clinical symptoms	Medication	Smoking	Alcohol drinking
Kuo et al[9], 2011	76	F	NA	Not specified	Australia	Celiac disease	NA	Azathioprine	NA	NA
Dubail et al[7], 2022	57	F	Middle/lower esophagus	Middle and lower esophagus	Beljium	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	PPI	Yes	No
Dubail et al[7], 2022	66	M	Upper esophagus	Upper esophagus	Beljium	Gastritis	NA	NA	No	Yes
Horowitz et al[10], 1998	49	M	NA	Not specified	Brazil	Anal melanoma	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dumas et al[11], 1990	66	F	Lower esophagus	32-35 cm from incisor	Cedax	Mental anorexia	NA	NA	NA	NA
Bogomoletz et al[12], 1997	75	M	Middle esophagus	20 cm below Killian’s line	France	NA	Epigastric pain, dysphagia	NA	NA	NA
Maroy et al[13], 2013	65	M	Middle/lower esophagus	Mid esophagus 19 cm (1st lesion) and distal esophagus 38 cm (2nd lesion)	France	Tonsil squamous cell carcinoma	NA	NA	Yes	Yes
Sarbia et al[14], 2012	69	M	Middle/lower esophagus	Middle and the lower thirds of the esophagus	Germany	Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, acanthosis nigricans of the esophagus	Pain	NA	NA	NA
Kleikamp et al[15], 2006	48	M	NA	No data	Germany	Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, acanthosis nigricans of the esophagus	Pain	NA	NA	NA
Agarwal et al[6], 2022	53	F	Middle/lower esophagus	Mid and lower esophagus	India	Iron deficiency anemia	NA	Iron	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	50	M	Lower esophagus	Lower third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	60	M	Lower esophagus	Lower third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	68	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	51	F	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	57	F	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	70	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	45	M	Upper esophagus	Upper third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	55	M	Upper esophagus	Upper third of the esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	60	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Peptic ulcer disease	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	50	F	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	49	M	Lower esophagus	Lower third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	40	F	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	43	F	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	48	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	50	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	58	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	59	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Kumari et al[16], 2016	66	M	NA	No data	India	NA	Chest pain and dysphagia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	50	M	Upper esophagus	Upper third of esophagus	India	NA	Non-ulcer dyspepsia	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	56	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Gastritis	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	59	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Gastritis	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sharma et al[5], 1991	48	M	Middle esophagus	Middle third of esophagus	India	Gastritis	NA	NA	NA	NA
Vincent Comraj et al[17], 2023	70	M	NA	No data	India	Gastritis	NA	NA	No	No
Geramizadeh et al[18], 2014	75	M	Middle esophagus	Middle part of the esophagus	Iran	NA	Epigastric pain and dysphagia	NA	Yes	No
Kinugasa et al[19], 2020	77	M	Lower esophagus	Lower part of the esophagus	Japan	Eosinophilic esophagitis	NA	Antihypertensive medications	NA	NA
Mori et al[20], 2005	70	M	Lower esophagus	35 cm from the incisor teeth	Japan	None	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mori et al[20], 2005	60	F	Lower esophagus	30 cm from the incisor	Japan	NA	Dysphagia	NA	NA	NA
Yamazaki et al[21], 1991	56	M	Lower esophagus	30-33 cm from incisor	Japan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yamazaki et al[21], 1991	62	M	Lower esophagus	35 cm from incisor	Japan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yamazaki et al[21], 1991	70	F	Lower esophagus	Lower third of esophagus	Japan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yamazaki et al[21], 1991	66	M	Lower esophagus	Lower third of esophagus	Japan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Yamamoto et al[22], 1999	62	F	Lower esophagus	Middle esophagus 30 cm from the incisor	Japan	Laugier-Hunziker syndrome	NA	NA	NA	NA
Kaneko et al[23], 2022	62	M	Middle esophagus	Middle thoracic esophagus	Japan	Hypopharyngeal cancer,	NA	NA	NA	NA
Kato et al[24], 2013	71	M	Middle esophagus	Middle thoracic esophagus	Japan	Esophageal melanoma	NA	NA	NA	NA
Oshiro et al[25], 2007	71	M	Lower esophagus	35 cm away from the incisor	Japan	Esophageal melanoma	NA	PPI	NA	NA
Suzuki et al[26], 2008	67	M	Lower esophagus	Lower thoracic esophagus	Japan	Esophageal melanoma	NA	NA	Yes	No
Suzuki et al[26], 2008	62	M	Upper/middle esophagus	Upper to middle thoracic esophagus	Japan	Esophageal melanoma	NA	NA	Yes	Yes
Walter et al[27], 2000	64	F	Middle/lower esophagus	Lower half of the esophagectomy specimen	Netherlands	Esophageal SCC	NA	PPI	Yes	Yes
Destek et al[28], 2016	55	F	Middle/lower esophagus	Middle, the front incisor teeth from 20 cm to the starting 30 cm	Turkey	Gastritis	NA	NA	No	No
Chang et al[3], 2006 (unpublished data)	80	F	Lower esophagus	Distal esophagus 30-34 cm from the incisor teeth	United Kingdom	Gastritis	NA	NA	NA	NA
Berry et al[29], 1995	51	F	NA	NA	United States	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Nagra et al[30], 2020	57	F	Middle esophagus	Middle esophagus	United States	Iron deficiency anemia	NA	NA	NA	NA
Jones et al[31], 2005	22	M	Lower esophagus	38 cm from the incisor	United States	Addison’s disease	Dysphagia	NA	NA	NA
Dinneen et al[32], 2014	65	F	Upper/middle esophagus	Upper and middle esophagus	United States	Esophageal wall thickening on CT	Abdominal pain	NA	NA	NA
Changela et al[33], 2017	48	F	Upper esophagus	Upper third of the esophagus	United States	NA	Weight loss and dyspepsia	NA	Yes	NA
Current study, 2024	59	M	Upper and lower esophagus	Upper esophagus and lower esophagus	United States	Esophageal SCC	NA	PPI	No	No
Current study, 2024	54	F	Middle esophagus	Middle esophagus	United States	None	Weight loss	Losartan	Yes	Yes

NA: Not available; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma.