Advancing diabetes management: Exploring pancreatic beta-cell restoration’s potential and challenges

Figure 2 Factors influencing beta-cell function and insulin secretion. The green arrow refers to the promotion of beta-cell proliferation. The red arrow refers to promoting beta-cell apoptosis. The blue arrow indicates stimulation of insulin release. The orange arrow indicates inhibiting insulin secretion. AKT: Protein kinase B; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase.