Advances in understanding and managing celiac disease: Pathophysiology and treatment strategies

Table 1 Information of human leukocyte antigen genes related with celiac disease

HLA gene name	Encoding alleles	Chromosome location	Association with celiac disease
HLA-DQ2.5[78]	DQA1*05, DQB1*02	6p21.3	Strongly associated with celiac disease; present in 90%-95% of patients
HLA-DQ8[79]	DQA1*03, DQB1*03: 02	6p21.3	Associated with celiac disease; present in 5%-10% of patients
HLA-DQ7[80]	DQA1*05, DQB1*03: 01	6p21.3	Possibly associated with celiac disease; lower risk, often requires combination with other high-risk genes
HLA-DR3[81]	DRB1*03	6p21.3	Typically coexists with HLA-DQ2.5, indirectly increases celiac disease risk
HLA-DR4[82]	DRB1*04	6p21.3	Risk with celiac disease is low, but in some cases may lead to the disease

HLA: Human leukocyte antigen.