Pan-immune-inflammation value as a prognostic biomarker for colon cancer and its variation by primary tumor location

Table 2 Cox proportional hazards regression models for disease-free survival in left-sided colon cancer and right-sided colon cancer

Variables	LCC (n = 801)				RCC (n = 709)
	aHR (95%CI)1	P value1	aHR (95%CI)2	P value2	aHR (95%CI)1	P value1	aHR (95%CI)2	P value2
Sex
Female	1 (Reference)	NA			1 (Reference)	NA
Male	1.17 (0.82-1.65)	0.387			1.13 (0.76-1.68)	0.541
Age, years
< 65	1 (Reference)	NA			1 (Reference)	NA
≥ 65	1.31 (0.93-1.85)	0.124			1.44 (0.96-2.15)	0.074
Tumor grade
G1-2	1 (Reference)	NA			1 (Reference)	NA
G3	1.63 (0.92-2.90)	0.094			0.88 (0.49-1.58)	0.676
AJCC stage
I	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
II	2.12 (0.89-5.06)	0.089	1.55 (0.65-3.75)	0.325	1.58 (0.56-4.50)	0.390	1.31 (0.46-3.74)	0.619
III	5.76 (2.52-13.15)	< 0.001	3.70 (1.59-8.62)	0.002	5.10 (1.86-14.00)	0.002	3.15 (1.13-8.83)	0.029
Tumor size
< 5 cm	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
≥ 5 cm	1.61 (1.14-2.27)	0.007	1.24 (0.86-1.80)	0.253	0.88 (0.59-1.31)	0.521
Vascular
No-invasion	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
Invasion	2.17 (1.52-3.10)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.00-2.19)	0.049	3.01 (2.02-4.47)	< 0.001	2.02 (1.32-3.11)	0.001
Perineural
No-invasion	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
Invasion	2.22 (1.49-3.32)	< 0.001	1.58 (1.02-2.45)	0.040	2.24 (1.39-3.60)	< 0.001	1.06 (0.63-1.77)	0.831
MMR
pMMR	1 (Reference)	NA			1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
dMMR	0.74 (0.40-1.37)	0.339			0.45 (0.25-0.78)	0.005	0.56 (0.32-1.00)	0.049
CEA
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	2.80 (1.93-4.06)	< 0.001	1.81 (1.22-2.70)	0.003	2.51 (1.69-3.73)	< 0.001	1.83 (1.20-2.79)	0.005
CA19-9
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	2.02 (1.31-3.13)	0.002	1.34 (0.85-2.11)	0.201	2.65 (1.69-4.15)	< 0.001	1.75 (1.09-2.81)	0.020
PIV
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	2.39 (1.70-3.38)	< 0.001	2.12 (1.30-3.47)	0.003	0.72 (0.48-1.08)	0.114
SII
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	1.89 (1.31-2.72)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.53-1.62)	0.782	0.68 (0.44-1.04)	0.076
NLR
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	1.72 (1.20-2.47)	0.003	1.18 (0.74-1.90)	0.487	1.37 (0.77-2.46)	0.288
PLR
Low	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA	1 (Reference)	NA
High	1.73 (1.14-2.61)	0.009	0.87 (0.54-1.38)	0.545	1.58 (0.94-2.66)	0.088

¹Univariable.

²Multivariable.

LCC: Left-sided colon cancer; RCC: Right-sided colon cancer; aHR: Adjusted hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PIV: Pan-immune-inflammation value; G1-2: Grades well and moderately differentiated; G3: Grade poorly differentiated; MMR: Mismatch repair; dMMR: Mismatch repair-deficient; pMMR: Mismatch repair-proficient; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; NA: Not available.