Targeting both ferroptosis and pyroptosis may represent potential therapies for acute liver failure

Table 1 Current studies on the role of silent information regulator sirtuin 1 in acute liver failure

Article title	Core tips	Ref.
Sirtuin 1 attenuates ALF by reducing reactive oxygen species via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α	Resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator, deacetylates hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and inhibits its activity, reducing ALF caused by hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis	Cao et al[66]
Short-term fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced ALF through SIRT1-autophagy signaling in mice	Short-term dietary restriction activates the SIRT1 signaling pathway, regulates autophagy, and reduces hepatocytes apoptosis in ALF	Long et al[67]
Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes the development of ALF by inhibiting the NAD+ salvage metabolic pathway	Fusobacterium nucleatum suppresses NAD+ and the SIRT1/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase signaling pathway, causing liver damage in ALF	Cao et al[68]
Hepato-protective effect of resveratrol against acetaminophen-induced liver injury is associated with inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of SIRT1-p53 signaling pathways	Resveratrol helps to heal liver impairment caused by APAP by blocking CYP-mediated APAP bioactivation and regulating SIRT1, p53, cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen	Wang et al[69]
Apigenin prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by activating the SIRT1 pathway	Apigenin prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by regulating the SIRT1-p53 axis, which promotes autophagy and reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by acetaminophen	Zhao et al[70]
Sirtuin-activating compounds alleviate D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: Involvement of sirtuin 1 and heme oxygenase 1	Quercetin and SRT1720 can activate SIRT1 protein and inhibit HO-1 expression, reducing liver damage caused by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide in rats	Kemelo et al[71]
The sirtuin 1 activator SRT1720 alleviated endotoxin-induced fulminant hepatitis in mice	SRT1720, a SIRT1 activator, reduces fulminant hepatitis caused by lipopolysaccharide/D-Gal, potentially through inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and activating the apoptotic cascade	Zhou et al[72]
Evaluation of the reparative effect of SIN in an acetaminophen-induced liver injury model	SIN successfully treats acetaminophen-induced liver injury by restoring SIRT1 levels, lowering oxidative stress, and repairing cell damage	Kayalı et al[73]

ALF: Acute liver failure; APAP: Acetaminophen; CYP: Cytochrome; NAD+: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SIN: Sinomenine; SIRT1: Silent information regulator sirtuin 1.