Role of gut microbiota in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis: Insights from fecal microbiota transplantation in mouse model

Figure 1 Histopathological alterations in mesenteric adipose and intestinal tissues of patients with Crohn’s disease. A: Mesenteric adipose tissues from Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and non-CD subjects stained with hematoxylin-eosin to assess histopathological alterations (× 150); B: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays of the levels of expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor alpha, MCP-1, leptin, and adiponectin mRNAs; C: Intestinal tissues from CD patients and non-CD subjects stained with Masson stain to evaluate fibrotic alterations (× 150); D: Immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin in intestinal tissues from CD patients and non-CD subjects (× 150). Average optical density was quantified using ImageJ software (right panel). n = 12, ^bP < 0.01 or n = 3, ^bP < 0.01 by paired t-tests. HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; CD: Crohn’s disease; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL: Interleukin; α-SMA: Alpha-smooth muscle actin; AOD: Average optical density.