Leech Poecilobdella manillensis protein extract ameliorated hyperuricemia by restoring gut microbiota dysregulation and affecting serum metabolites

Figure 10  Mechanisms associated with treatment of Poecilobdella manillensis for hyperuricemia. A: decreased of uric acid generation in liver by reducing levels of xanthine oxidase; B: Reduction of uric acid excretion from kidney by regulating the expression of glucose transporter 9, urate transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2; C: Improvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis and regulation of sphingolipid metabolism and galactose metabolism. CON: Normal control group; HUA: Hyperuricemia model group; LTP: Leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract treatment group; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; URAT1: Urate transporter 1; GLUT9: Glucose transporter 9; ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette transporter G2; XOD: Xanthine oxidase.