Leech Poecilobdella manillensis protein extract ameliorated hyperuricemia by restoring gut microbiota dysregulation and affecting serum metabolites

Figure 4 Leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract alters the gut microbiota in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia mice. A: Shannon index across three groups; B: Simpson index across three groups; C: Partial least squares discriminant analysis of three groups; D: Principal coordinate analysis of three groups; E: Distribution plot of relative abundance at the phylum level of bacteria; F: Distribution plot of relative abundance at the genus level of bacteria; G: Cladogram from linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identifying highly differentiated taxa from phylum to genus levels; H: Linear discriminant analysis graph from LefSe analysis identifying highly differentiated taxa from phylum to genus levels; I: Predicted functional pathways of gut microbiota in hyperuricemia model group (HUA) vs leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract treatment group; J: Predicted functional pathways of gut microbiota in normal control group vs HUA. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ^aP < 0.05 vs hyperuricemia model group. Sample size: n = 6 per group. CON: Normal control group; HUA: Hyperuricemia model group; LTP: Leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract treatment group; LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.