Leech Poecilobdella manillensis protein extract ameliorated hyperuricemia by restoring gut microbiota dysregulation and affecting serum metabolites

Figure 1 Effect of leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract treatment on hyperuricemia. A: Serum uric acid levels; B: Urine uric acid levels; C: Liver xanthine oxidase activity; D: Serum creatinine levels; E: Blood urea nitrogen levels; F: Renal tissue hematoxylin and eosin staining pathology under 200 × magnification. Statistical significance determined by ANOVA is indicated as follows: ^aP < 0.05 vs hyperuricemia model group (HUA); ^bP < 0.01 vs HUA; ^cP < 0.001 vs HUA; ^dP < 0.05 vs normal control group (CON); ^eP < 0.01 vs CON; ^fP < 0.001 vs CON. CON: Normal control group; HUA: Hyperuricemia model group; AP: Allopurinol treatment group; LTP: Leech Poecilobdella manillensis total protein extract treatment group; XOD: Xanthine oxidase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.