From macroautophagy to mitophagy: Unveiling the hidden role of mitophagy in gastrointestinal disorders

Table 1 Research progress of mitophagy in gastrointestinal diseases

Year of publication	Diseases of concern	Problem solved	Ref.
2017	SRMD	SRMD leads to intestinal mucosal injury: Defective mitochondria with excess O2- production inhibit mitophagy, ultimately triggering Bax-dependent apoptosis and NF-κB-intervened proinflammatory mucosal injury	[15]
2020	H. pylori associated gastritis	There was a link between H. pylori infection-promoted mitophagy and inflammation	[16]
2022-2024	Functional dyspepsia	Traditional Chinese medicine can improve gastrointestinal motility disorders, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of mitophagy and mitochondria fission	[17-19]
2023	I/R injury	Increased NET formation induces inhibition of mitophagy and lipid peroxidation in IECs, leading to ferroptosis of endothelial cells and microvascular dysfunction	[20]
2023	Malnutrition enteropathy	Dysregulation of SIRT1 and mTORC1 pathways leads to disruption of autophagy, mitochondrial homeostasis, which triggers intestinal barrier dysfunction and nutrient malabsorption	[21]
2023	IBD	Bergapten treatment alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by promoting mitophagy, suggesting BeG as a potential anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases	[93]
2021-2023	IBD	Polystyrene nanoplastic induced Crohn’s ileitis-like features are related to mitophagy, while Biogenic selenium nanoparticles can alleviate intestinal epithelial barrier damage by regulating mitophagy, which provides new insights for further evaluating the safety of nanoparticles	[22-24]
2023	IBD	NSAIDs induce mitochondrial stress and mitophagy in IECs, which are related to the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease	[89]
2021	CRC	Mitophagy suppresses CRC growth: PINK1 inhibits CRC growth by reducing acetyl-CoA production and activating P53	[70]
2023	CRC	Mitophagy promotes CRC growth: GPR176 activates cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and regulate mitophagy to promote the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC	[74]
2018	Gastric cancer	Mitophagy promotes gastric cancer growth: Hippo-Yap promotes tumor progression by activating SIRT1/Mfn2/ mitophagy	[63]
2023	Gastric cancer	Mitophagy suppresses gastric cancer growth: 8-paradol promoted PINK1/Parkin-associated mitophagy, mediating cell apoptosis	[67]

SRMD: Stress-related mucosal disease; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; I/R injury: Ischemia-reperfusion injury; NET: Neutrophil extracellular traps; IECs: Intestinal epithelial cells; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; NLRP3 inflammasome: NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 inflammasome; CRC: Colorectal cancer; GPR176: G protein-coupled receptors 176; Mfn2: Mitofusin 2.