Hydrogen-rich water alleviates constipation by attenuating oxidative stress through the sirtuin1/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway

Figure 6 Inhibition of sirtuin1 expression counteracts the regulatory effect of hydrogen-rich water in loperamide-induced constipated rats. A: Flow chart illustrating the modeling and drug administration process; B: Total amount of rat feces excreted in 24 h; C: Water content of rat feces; D and E: Propulsion rate of carbon through the small intestine of rats; F: Reactive oxygen species expression in the colon of rats; G and H: Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase expression in the colon of rats; I-K: MRNA expression levels of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the colon of rats; L: Protein expression levels of SIRT1, Nrf2 and HO-1 in the colon of rats. ^aP < 0.05 vs normal group (Nor), ^bP < 0.01 vs Nor, ^cP < 0.05 vs loperamide-induced constipation group (Lop), ^dP < 0.01 vs Lop, ^eP < 0.05 vs hydrogen-rich water (HRW), ^fP < 0.01 vs HRW. Scale scale: 100 μm. Nor: Normal group; Lop: Loperamide-induced constipation group; HRW: Hydrogen-rich water intervention group; SIRT1: Sirtuin1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.