Hydrogen-rich water alleviates constipation by attenuating oxidative stress through the sirtuin1/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway

Figure 5 Hydrogen-rich water alleviates constipation by attenuating oxidative stress through the sirtuin1/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway. A: Reactive oxygen species expression in the colon of rats; B: Serum malondialdehyde levels in rats; C: Serum superoxide dismutase levels in rats; D: Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the colon of rats; E-G: MRNA of SIRT1, Nrf2, and HO-1 in the colon of rats; H: Protein expression of SIRT1, Nrf2 and HO-1 in the colon of rats. ^aP < 0.05 vs normal group (Nor), ^bP < 0.01 vs Nor, ^cP < 0.05 vs loperamide-induced constipation group (Lop), ^dP < 0.01 vs Lop. Scale bar: 100 μm. Nor: Normal group; Lop: Loperamide-induced constipation group; HRW: Hydrogen-rich water intervention group; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SIRT1: Sirtuin1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1.