Hydrogen-rich water alleviates constipation by attenuating oxidative stress through the sirtuin1/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway

Figure 3 Hydrogen-rich water modulates the gut microbiota in constipated rats. A: PCoA map of the microbiota; B-D: Alpha diversity index; E and F: Bar plots illustrating species richness at the phylum and genus levels; G: Phylogenetic tree depicting genus-level species; H: Heat map displaying differential flora. Nor: Normal group; Lop: Loperamide-induced constipation group; HRW: Hydrogen-rich water intervention group.