Small nucleolar RNA and its potential role in the oncogenesis and development of colorectal cancer

Table 1 Functions of small nucleolar RNAs in colorectal cancers

snoRNA	Type	Modification site	Length (nt)	Host gene	Expression	Mechanism	Potential functions	Ref.
SNORA5C	H/ACA	18S:U1238; 18S:U1625	137	TBRG4	Up-regulation	Unknown	Promote proliferation, and colony formation	[82]
SNORA15	H/ACA	18S:U1367	133	CCT6A	Up-regulation	Unknown	Exert the oncogenic effect	[83]
SNORA21	H/ACA	28S:U4401; 28S:U4270	132	RPL23	Up-regulation	Hippo signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling	Promote cell proliferation, and enhances tumor invasiveness	[84]
SNORA23	H/ACA	28S:U3737; 28S:U4331	189	IPO7	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[54]
SNORA24	H/ACA	18S:U863; 18S:U609	131	SNHG8	Up-regulation	P53	Promote G1/S phase transition, and cell proliferation	[54,85]
SNORA41	H/ACA	18S:U1643	132	EEF1B2	Up-regulation	Unknown	Exert the oncogenic effect	[83]
SNORA42	H/ACA	18S:U572; 18S:U109	134	TTC6	Up-regulation	Unknown	Enhance cell proliferation, migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and tumorigenicity	[31]
SNORA71A	H/ACA	18S:U406	138	SNHG17	Up-regulation	LBP, NF-kappaB, Toll-like receptor	Promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion	[54]
SNORD1C	C/D	28S:G4362	78	SNHG16	Up-regulation	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	Promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion and enhance cancer cell stemness	[86,87]
SNORD12B	C/D	28S:G3878	91	ZFAS1	Up-regulation	Unknown	Promote tumorigenesis, proliferation, and metastasis	[88]
SNORD12C	C/D	28S:G3878	89	ZFAS1	Up-regulation	ZFAS1-NOP58-SNORD12C/78-EIF4A3/LAMC2	Promote cell proliferation	[13,89]
SNORD14E	C/D	Unknown	85	HSPA8	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[89]
SNORD15B	C/D	28S:A3764	146	RPS3	Up-regulation	Unknown	Promote proliferation, and colony formation	[82]
SNORD17	C/D	28S:U3797	237	SNX5	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[89]
SNORD33	C/D	18S:U1326	83	RPL13A	Down-regulation	Unknown	Suppress cell anchorage	[83]
SNORD44	C/D	18S:A166	63	GAS5	Down-regulation	Caspase dependent pathway, PI3K/Akt	Inhibit tumor growth, and induce apoptosis	[90]
SNORD48	C/D	28S:C2279	64	SNHG32	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[82]
SNORD50A	C/D	28S:C2848; 28S:G2863	75	SNHG5	Down-regulation	Methylation of 28S rRNA gene, k-Ras	Promote tumor growth	[91]
SNORD50B	C/D	Unknown	70	SNHG5	Down-regulation	Methylation of 28S rRNA gene, k-Ras	Promote tumor growth	[91]
SNORD57	C/D	18S:A99	72	NOP56	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[92]
SNORD67	C/D	U6:C60	111	CKAP5	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[89]
SNORD76	C/D	28S:A2350	80	GAS5	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[31]
SNORD78	C/D	28S:G4593	65	GAS5	Up-regulation	ZFAS1-NOP58-SNORD12C/78-EIF4A3/LAMC2	Promote cell proliferation	[13,31]
SNORD126	C/D	Unknown	77	CCNB1IP1	Up-regulation	PI3K/Akt	Promote cell growth	[65]
SCARNA12	scaRNA	U5:U46	270	PHB2	Up-regulation	PI3K/Akt	Promote proliferation and tumorigenicity	[53]
SCARNA15	scaRNA	U2:U37	127	SNHG21	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[54]
SCARNA22	scaRNA	Unknown	125	NSD2	Up-regulation	Unknown	Unproved	[31]

snoRNA: Small nucleolar RNA; scaRNA: Small Cajal body-associated RNAs; SNORDs: C/D box snoRNAs.