Immunotherapy for esophageal cancer: Where are we now and where can we go

Table 1 Recent phase III studies for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Trail	Line	Phase	n	Country	Intervention	Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 status	Primary endpoints	Treatment-related adverse events
RATIONALE-302[8]	Later	III	512	Global	Tislelizumab vs CT	Overall	OS (improved in treatment arm)	Fewer in treatment arm
RATIONALE-306[9]	First	III	649	Global	Tislelizumab + CT vs placebo + CT	Overall	OS (improved in treatment arm)	Similar between groups
JUPITER-06[10]	First	III	514	China	Toripalimab + CT vs placebo + CT	Overall	PFS, OS (improved in treatment arm)	Simiral between groups
ORIENT-15[11]	First	III	659	Global (mainly China)	Sintilimab + CT vs placebo + CT	Overall, CPS ≥ 10	PFS, OS (improved in treatment arm)	Simiral between groups
ASTRUM-007[12]	First	III	551	China	Serplulimab + CT vs placebo + CT	CPS ≥ 1	PFS, OS (improved in treatment arm)	Simiral between groups
ESCORT-1st[13]	First	III	596	China	Camrelizumab + CT vs CT	Overall	PFS, OS (improved in treatment arm)	Simiral between groups
ESCORT[14]	Later	III	457	China	Camrelizumab vs CT	Overall	OS (improved in treatment arm)	Similar between groups

CT: Chemotherapy; PFS: Progression-free survival; OS: Overall survival; CPS: Combined positive score.